Table 1 Details of the participants in the included studies
From: Effectiveness of therapeutic footwear for children: A systematic review
Study | Duration of Study | Group Intervention and Comparators | n | Condition | Sex No. (%) | Age (mean ± SD) | Mass (mean kg ± SD) | Height (mean m ± SD) | BMI (mean kg/m2 ± SD) | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corrective Therapeutic Footwear | ||||||||||
Chen et al. (2015) [16] | 44 months | Group 1 CTF and DB | 20 | Group 1 to 3 CTEV (not stated if idiopathic) DiMeglio score ≤Moderate | ♂12 (60) | 4.9 yrs. ±1.1a | 19.2 | 1.10 | Not reported | Skeletal geometry (3D laser scanning) |
♀ 8 (40) | 3.6 | 0.11 | ||||||||
Biomechanical (plantar pressure) | ||||||||||
Group2 DB and Own footwear | 15 | ♂9 (60) | 4.7 yrs. ±0.7a | 17.7 | 1.06 | |||||
♀ 6 (40) | 2.5 | 0.74 | ||||||||
Group 3 FAS and CTF | 18 | ♂8 (44) | 4.9 yrs. ±1a | 19.3 | 1.10 | |||||
♀10 (56) | 3.8 | 0.11 | ||||||||
Kanatali et al. (2016) | mean 34.6 ± 10.9 months | Group 1 CTF | 21 | Flexible pes planus asymptomatic, | ♂33 (73) | 41.6 monthsc | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Skeletal geometry (radiographic) |
Group 2 Own footwear | 24 | ♀12 (27) b | 36 monthsc | |||||||
Wenger et al. (1989) [37] | 3 years | Group 1 CTF | 28d | Flexible pes planus | ♂16 (57) | 32.2 months ±17c | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Skeletal geometry (radiographic) |
♀12 (43) | ||||||||||
Group 2 SLF | 21d | 13 (62) | 27.2 months ±11.6c | |||||||
♀8 (38) | ||||||||||
Group 3 CTF with Helfet Heel Cup | 27d | ♂22 (81) | 28.7 months ±13.5c | |||||||
♀5 (19) | ||||||||||
Group 4 SLF with UCBL | 22d | 9 (41) | 28.2 months ±10.7c | |||||||
♀13 (59) | ||||||||||
Functional Therapeutic Footwear | ||||||||||
Functional Stability | ||||||||||
Abd Elkader et al. (2013) [14] | Within 1 day | Group 1 BF, FSTF | 15 | Down's syndrome with flexible pes planus | ♂11 (36) | 3.67 yrs. ±0.72 | 16.46 | 1.01 0.069 | 16.01 | Biomechanical (spatiotemporal) |
♀14 (47) b,e | 2.74 | 1.67 | ||||||||
Group 2 BF, Foot Taping | 15 | 4.06 yrs. 0.88 | 15.61 | 0.99 0.032 | 15.49 | |||||
1.99 | 1.47 | |||||||||
Aboutorabi et al. (2014) [11] | Within 1 day | Group 1 BF, FSTF, SLS with FO | 30 | Flexible pes planus | ♂18 (67) | 7.87 yrs. ±1.45 | 31.4 | 123.06 10.25 | 20.2 | Biomechanical (spatiotemporal) |
♀12 (33) | 5.74 | 1.58 | ||||||||
Group 2, BF, FSTF, SLS with FO | 20 | Control, typically developing | ♂12 (60) | 7.8 yrs. ±1.31 | 32.81 | 1.28 | 19.87 | |||
♀8 (40) | 6.66 | .11 | 1.4 | |||||||
Bakker et al. (1997) [38] | 16 Months | Group 1 FSTF | 7 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | ♂48 (100) | Age range 5 to 12f | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Secondary outcomes |
Group 2 AFO | 20 | |||||||||
Group 3 SF | 6 | |||||||||
Group 4 KAFO | 5 | |||||||||
Group 5 Own footwear | 41 | |||||||||
Basta et al (1977) [39] | 4 years | Group, 1, BF, FSTF, FSTF with CNP | 10 | Symptomatic flexible pes planus | Not reported | Age Range 6.5 to 7 yearsf | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Skeletal geometry (radiographic) |
Group 2, BF, FSTF, FSTF with CNP, | 10 | |||||||||
Group 3, BF, FSTF, FSTF with CNP, FSTF with PCNP, | 10 | |||||||||
Group 4, BF, S, SLF with HB, SLF with CNP, FSTFWS | 6 | |||||||||
Group 5 and 6 formed from groups 1 to 4, Four participants lost to follow up. | ||||||||||
Group 5, BF, FSTF, FSTF with CNP Group | 16 | |||||||||
6, BF, CNP, with Own footwear | 16 | |||||||||
Group 7, BF, FSTF, FSTF with CNP, | 14 | |||||||||
Jagadamma et al (2009) [40] | Within 1 day | One group AFO and SSF, FSTF+AFO, | 5 | CP | ♂3 (60) | 9.7 yrs. ±3.5 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Biomechanical (kinematic, kinetic, spatiotemporal) |
♀2 (40) | Range 5.6 to 12.6yrs. | |||||||||
Knittel and Staheli (1976) [41] | Not Stated | One group, SSF, Various forefoot and Rearfoot sole wedges, Torqheel, | 10 | In toeing | ♂4 (40) | 6.25 yrs. ±2.35 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Biomechanical (kinematic) |
♀6 (60) | Range 3.5 to 10 yrs. | |||||||||
Wesdock & Edge (2003) [42] | 8 weeks | One group, SSF, SSF and AFO, FSTF+AFO | 11 | CP | ♂4 (36) | 7 yrs. ±2.7 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Biomechanical (spatiotemporal) |
♀7 (64) | Range 4 to 13.5 yrs. | |||||||||
Subset of Group 1 SSF, SSF and AFO, FSTF+AFO | 4 | CP Initial standing balance ≥15 seconds | ♂3 (75) | 6.5 yrs. ±2 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | |||
♀1 (25) | Range 4.6 to 9.3 yrs. | |||||||||
Functional Instability | ||||||||||
Ramstrand et al (2008) [43] | 8 weeks | One Group FITF 8wk training program | 10 | CP + otherg | ♂6 (60) | 13.8 yrs. ±2.7 | 51.71 11.18 | 1.59 | Not Reported | Biomechanical (balance: static, dynamic) |
♀4 (40) | Range 10 to 17 yrs. | 0.11 | ||||||||
Functional Lift | ||||||||||
Eek et al (2017) | Within 1 day | Group 1 BF, SSF, FLTF | 10 | Spastic CP with LLD ≥1cm | ♂6 (60) | 10.9 yrs. Range 7.8 to 12.8 | 38.6 | 1.42, | Not Reported | Biomechanical (kinematic, spatiotemporal) |
♀4 (40) | Range 25.7-59.0 | Range 1.24-1.52 | ||||||||
Group 2 BF, SSF | 10 | Control typically developing | ♂5 (50) | 10.7yrs | 35.1 | 1.48 | ||||
♀5 (50) | Range 7.1 to 14 | Range 18.7-49 | Range 1.20-1.67 | |||||||
Zabjek et al (2001) [44] | Within 1 day | One Group, BF, FLTF | 46 | Idiopathic scoliosis | ♂9 (19.6) | 12yrs. ±2 | Not Reported | Not Reported | Not Reported | Skeletal Geometry (3D stereovideographic) |
♀37 (80.4) | ||||||||||