Table 2 Participant characteristics

Age (yrs)

Mean (std)

70.49 (8.7)

68.3 (10.34)

t(59) = .89 p = .38

66.2 (10.56)

79.5 (4.94)

71.1 (8.45)

67.5 (10.20)

t(53) = -1.42 p = .31

BMI (Kg/m²)

Mean (std)

32.67 (6.98)

31.9 (5)

U = 458.5 p = .93

30 (4.1)

29.1 (9.62)

33.1 (7.4)

32.1 (4.78)

U = 375.5 p = .97

Neuropathy Severity

(10 g Monofil No. correct responses)

(Median score (IQR)

4 (5.25)

3.5 (4)

U = 407.5 p = .40

1.5 (6)

3.5 (-)

4 (4)

3.5 (5)

U = 314.5, p = .28

Neuropathy

(Neurothesiometer)

(Mean(std)

32.10 (15)

33.7(14.6)

U = 447, p = .76

31.5(17)

33.3(16.6)

32.2(15.1)

33.8(14.82)

U = 359.5 p = .72

Type I Diabetes

No. (%)

2(6.45)

5(16.66)

χ²(1) = .1.6 p = .21

0

0

2(7.69)

5(21.43)

χ²(3) = 2.34 p = .51

Duration of Diabetes

Mean (std)

13.8 (9.75)

18.5 (13.3)

U = 385, p = .25

20.25 (18.7)

26 (4.24)

12.81 (7.9)

18 (13.6)

U = 319.5 p = .324

Forefoot Deformity

Mean (std)

1.4 (.9)

1.4 (.8)

U = 458.5 p = .92

1.75(0.95)

0(0)

1.3 (0.9)

1.37 (.82)

U = 364.5 p = .81

Peripheral Arterial Blood Supply

Mean (std)

2.5 (.67)

2.4 (.96)

U = 463, p = .98

2.75(0.5)

0(0)

2.5 (.69)

2.4 (.98)

U = 374.5 p = .95

Limited Joint Mobility Syndrome

Prayer Sign – no limitation

No.(%)

8(25.80)

11(36.66)

χ²(3) = 2.1 p = .54

2(40)

0(0)

6(23.07)

11(39.28)

χ²(9) = 2.5 p = .28

Limited Joint Mobility Syndrome

Table Top Sign – no limitation (%)

9(29.03)

11(36.66)

χ²(3) = 2.80 p = .42

2(40)

0(0)

(7)26.92

11(39.28)

χ²(9) = 3.1 p = .22

Foot Posture Index

Mean (std)

3.01 (3.87)

2.19 (4.05)

t(59) = .820 p = .42

2.4 (5.15)

2.5 (0.70)

3.11 (3.76)

2.16 (4.20)

t(53) = -.88 p = .26

Callus forefoot Not Present

No. (%)

24(77.4)

22(73.3)

χ²(2) = .737 p = .69

3(75)

2(100%)

21(77.8)

20(71.4)

χ²(6) = 5.4 p = .49

Callus hallux Not Present

No. (%)

27(87.1)

22(73.3)

χ²(2) = 1.83 p = .40

4(100)

1(50)

23(85.2)

21(75)

χ²(6) = 3.95 p = .68

No. of Falls

Median (IQR)

0(1)

0 (0)

U = 378.5 p = .07

0 (0)

0(0)

0(1)

0 (0)

U = 294.5 p = .05