A classification of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles based on the physiological cross-sectional area and muscle fiber length in healthy young adult males

Table 1 Morphological profiles of PIFMs in living subjects and cadavers from the present and previous study

	FL (cm)	FL to muscle length ratio	Pennation angle (°)	Muscle volume (cm³)	Muscle length (cm)
	Kura et al. 1997 [8]		Ledoux et al. 2001 [9]	the present study
ABDM	2.39 ± 0.74	0.25 ± 0.03	19.10 ± 11.90	15.47 ± 2.92	11.31 ± 1.04
ABH	2.30 ± 0.55	0.20 ± 0.02	16.50 ± 7.50	20.88 ± 4.36	12.82 ± 0.97
ADDH-OH	1.86 ± 0.53	0.29 ± 0.04	9.00 ± 7.30	12.97 ± 2.16	6.34 ± 0.54
ADDH-TH	1.87 ± 0.52	0.82 ± 0.07	13.30 ± 7.80	1.34 ± 0.52	2.80 ± 0.39
FDB^a	2.18 ± 0.38	0.25 ± 0.05	11.40 ± 8.00	16.66 ± 3.33	10.78 ± 1.05
attached 2nd toe	2.54 ± 0.45	0.28 ± 0.04	15.40 ± 7.20	–	–
attached 3rd toe	2.28 ± 0.40	0.24 ± 0.06	11.70 ± 9.20	–	–
attached 4th toe	2.08 ± 0.45	0.22 ± 0.05	7.00 ± 7.40	–	–
attached 5th toe	1.82 ± 0.22	–	–	–	–
FHB^a	1.70 ± 0.41	0.28 ± 0.08	7.80 ± 7.70	12.74 ± 2.35	7.39 ± 1.25
medial head	1.75 ± 0.48	0.29 ± 0.11	–	–	–
lateral head	1.65 ± 0.34	0.26 ± 0.05	–	–	–
QP^a	2.55 ± 0.71	0.47 ± 0.09	8.10 ± 4.80	11.01 ± 2.62	9.20 ± 0.72
medial head	2.75 ± 0.70	0.50 ± 0.09	–	–	–
lateral head	2.34 ± 0.71	0.44 ± 0.09	–	–	–

Values are means ± SD
Data not reported are shown with a hyphen
^aValues of FL and FL to muscle length ratio were averaged for all muscular heads

ISSN: 1757-1146