Table 3 Summary of studies included for risk factors
From: Prevalence of plantar ulcer and its risk factors in leprosy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Country | Study setting | Rural / Urban | Study design | Sample size | Study population | number with loss of sensation in the foot | Modality of sensory testing | number with ulcer | Point of assessment | Risk factors assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mustapha G (2019) [33] | Nigeria | Hospital | Mixed | case-control | 124 patients with ulcer and 118 without ulcer | 242 patients with leprosy | 233 patients | Ballpoint pen | 124/242 patients | Mixed | Treatment status, age, gender, occupation, educational status, utilization of footwear, ulcer relapse and knowledge on self-care |
Kunst H (2000) [34] | Pakistan | Hospital | Mixed | cross-sectional | 55 patients with ulcers | Patients admitted in hospital for ulcer care | 55 patients | Wisp of cotton | 40/55 patients | Post MDT | Age, gender, duration of leprosy, physical deformity level |
Malaviya GN (1997) [35] | India | Hospital | Mixed | cross-sectional | 40 patients (80 feet) | People affected by leprosy with loss of sensation in the hands and foot | 61 feet | Graded nylon thread | 22/240 sites in the foot | Mixed | Touch sensation -monofilament |
Birke (2000) [36] | Thailand | Hospital | Mixed | cross-sectional | 101 patients, 61 with history of foot ulceration | People affected by leprosy with loss of sensation in the hands and foot | 101 patients | Graded nylon thread | Not reported | Mixed | Touch sensation- Monofilament |
Feenstra W (2001) [37] | Ethiopia | Hospital | Mixed | case-control | 75 patients (43 with history or with ulcer and 32 never had ulcer) | People affected by leprosy with loss of sensation in the foot | 75 patients | 10 grams monofilament | 43/75 with history or with ulcer | Post MDT | Touch sensation, vibration sensation, Ankle ROM, Sub-talar joint position, Great toe extension and walking pattern |
Cross H (2007) [38] | Nepal and Philippines | Hospital | Mixed | cross-sectional | 144 subjects (69 normal foot, 75 feet with loss of sensation with or without ulcer) | People affected by leprosy with loss of sensation in the foot | 75 feet with loss of sensation with or without ulcer (263 foot included in the analysis) | 10 grams monofilament | 39/110 feet | Mixed | Plantar pressure and Subtalar joint position |
Schie van (2013) [39] | Netherlands | Hospital | Urban | cross-sectional | 15 with no history of ulcer, 15 with previous ulcer, 9 with current ulcer | People affected by leprosy with loss of sensation in the foot | All 39 patients included in the study | Graded nylon thread | 9 patients with ulcer | Post MDT | Barefoot peak pressure, In-shoe peak pressure, daily cumulative forefoot stress, In-shoe forefoot pressure time integral, Daily strides |