Table 5 Assessment and management of a person with diabetes
Total | Private | Public | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency that assessment guided by evidence-based guidelines | 2 (1-2) | 2 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 0.30 | ||
Frequency that management guided by evidence-based guidelines | 1 (1-2) | 2 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 0.41 | ||
Frequency of inspection & examination of the at-risk foot | History of foot ulceration | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-1) | 0.27 | |
History of lower extremity amputation | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 0.68 | ||
Diagnosis of end-stage renal disease | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-3) | 1 (1-2) | 0.06 | ||
Presence or progression of foot deformity | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-1) | 0.17 | ||
Limited joint mobility | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 2 (1-2) | 0.30 | ||
Significant callus | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 0.84 | ||
Pre-ulcerative signs | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 0.60 | ||
Frequency of education provision relating to the prevention of DFD | Foot care | Medium risk | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 0.84 |
High risk | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-1) | 0.84 | ||
Foot hygiene | Medium risk | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 0.30 | |
High risk | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-1) | 0.53 | ||
Footwear | Medium risk | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 0.52 | |
High risk | 1 (1-1) | 1 (1-2) | 1 (1-1) | 0.60 | ||
First aid | Medium risk | 1 (1-3) | 2 (1-2) | 1 (1-3) | 0.18 | |
High risk | 1 (1-2) | 2 (1-3) | 1 (1-1) | 0.21 | ||
Frequency of provision of prescription of footwear and orthotic interventions to patients at moderate to high risk of DFD with a significant foot deformity | Therapeutic footwear | 2 (2-3) | 3 (2-3) | 2 (1-2) | 0.23 | |
Custom-made footwear | 3 (3-4) | 4 (3-4) | 2 (1-3) | 0.04 | ||
Custom-made orthoses | 3 (2-3) | 3 (2-4) | 2 (1-2) | 0.12 | ||
Prefabricated insoles | 3 (2-3) | 3 (2-3) | 2 (2-4) | 0.12 | ||
Toe orthoses | 3 (2-3) | 2 (2-3) | 3 (2-4) | 0.11 | ||
Frequency of treatment of people at moderate to high risk of DFD | Treat a pre-ulcerative sign or significant callus | 2 (1-1) | 2 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 0.27 | |
Treat ingrown toenails | 2 (1-3) | 2 (1-2) | 1 (1-2) | 0.41 | ||
Treat fungal infections of the foot | 2 (1-3) | 2 (1-2) | 3 (1-4) | 0.48 | ||
Frequency of provision of exercise and mobility for people with diabetes who were at Low to Moderate Risk of DFD | Prescribe foot and mobility-related exercises | 3 (3-4) | 3 (2-4) | 3 (3-4) | 0.74 | |
Encourage daily walking | 2 (1-2) | 2 (1-2) | 2 (2-3) | 1.00 | ||
Frequency of provision of integrated healthcare for people with diabetes | Provide care as part of a multi-disciplinary team | 3 (2-3) | 3 (2-4) | 2 (1-3) | 0.03 | |
Provide telehealth services | 5 (4-5) | 5 (4-5) | 5 (3-5) | 0.46 | ||
Provide care in remote locations | 5 (3-5) | 5 (3-5) | 5 (4-5) | 0.14 | ||
Collaborate with Māori health providers | 4 (3-5) | 5 (3-5) | 3 (2-4) | 0.18 | ||
Frequency of referral for surgical offloading interventions | 3 (1-3) | 3 (1-5) | 2 (1-3) | 0.52 | ||
Frequency of referral for a nerve decompression procedure | 5 (4-5) | 5 (4-5) | 5 (4-5) | 0.49 | ||