Health Literacy predicts incident foot ulcers after 4 years – the SHELLED cohort study

Table 2 Univariable and multivariable associations of each health literacy measure with odds of incident diabetes-related foot ulcer development over 4 years

Variable	Univariable		Multivariable model^a		Multivariable model^a adjusted for cognition
Variable	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
S-TOFHLA model
S-TOFHLA	0.92	0.86, 0.99	0.94	0.88, 0.99	1.02	0.94, 1.12
Models of HLQ domains
Domain 1: Feeling understood and supported by health professionals
HLQ – domain 1	0.60	0.21, 1.72	0.53	0.19, 1.45	0.58	0.20, 1.62
Domain 2: Having sufficient information to manage health
HLQ – domain 2	0.58	0.15, 2.05	0.59	0.16, 2.05	0.51	0.13, 1.88
Domain 3: Actively managing my health
HLQ – domain 3	0.20	0.06, 0.60	0.23	0.08, 0.65	0.17	0.05, 0.50
Domain 4: Social support for health
HLQ – domain 4	0.58	0.25, 1.39	0.53	0.24, 1.22	0.46	0.20, 1.12
Domain 5: Appraisal of health information
HLQ – domain 5	0.40	0.16, 1.01	0.42	0.17, 1.04	0.47	0.19, 1.09
Domain 6: Ability to actively engage with healthcare professionals
HLQ – domain 6	0.48	0.23, 1.005	0.56	0.28, 1.15	0.68	0.34, 1.36
Domain 7: Navigating the healthcare system
HLQ – domain 7	0.49	0.22, 1.11	0.56	0.26, 1.24	0.63	0.29, 1.35
Domain 8: Ability to find good health information
HLQ – domain 8	0.48	0.25, 0.93	0.56	0.30, 1.06	0.72	0.39, 1.33
Domain 9: Understanding health information well enough to know what to do
HLQ – domain 9	0.32	0.15, 0.67	0.39	0.19, 0.78	0.55	0.27, 1.10

Bold denotes statistically significant
Models weighted according to inverse probability of each participant remaining in the study over 4 years
Abbreviations: S-TOFHLA Short form Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adult, MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, HLQ Health Literacy Questionnaire
^aMultivariable models adjusted for years of formal education, age, gender and BMI

ISSN: 1757-1146