Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study sample and of participants by foot ulcer status after 4 years
From: Health Literacy predicts incident foot ulcers after 4 years – the SHELLED cohort study
Variable | Whole sample (n = 222)a | Completed study (n = 191) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Developed ulcer (n = 13) | Did not develop ulcer (n = 178) | ||
Age | 60.5 (10.7) | 63.9 (12.1) | 60.3 (10.1) |
Male, n(%) | 130 (58.6) | 8 (61.7) | 100 (56.2) |
Years of formal education | 11.3 (3.3) | 10.1 (1.8) | 11.5 (3.5) |
STOFHLA score (0–36) | 31.9 (6.7) | 28.4 (10.2) | 32.8 (5.2) |
HLQ Domain Scores | |||
1: Feeling understood and supported by health professionals | 3.26 (0.52) | 3.11 (0.55) | 3.26 (0.53) |
2: Having sufficient information to manage health | 3.06 (0.45) | 2.96 (0.32) | 3.07 (0.46) |
3. Actively managing my health | 2.81 (0.50) | 2.40 (0.66) | 2.83 (0.48) |
4. Social support for health | 2.97 (0.60) | 2.75 (0.55) | 2.96 (0.61) |
5. Appraisal of health information | 2.83 (0.57) | 2.52 (0.67) | 2.85 (0.56) |
6. Ability to actively engage with health professionals | 4.07 (0.69) | 2.68 (1.03) | 4.09 (0.67) |
7. Navigating the healthcare system | 3.94 (0.64) | 3.63 (0.65) | 3.96 (0.63) |
8. Ability to find good health information | 3.84 (0.76) | 3.37 (0.89) | 3.88 (0.75) |
9. Understanding health information well enough to know what to do | 4.00 (0.68) | 3.42 (0.87) | 4.05 (0.66) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.6 (8.1) | 35.1 (11.8) | 33.7 (8.0) |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 18.0 (13.4) | 18.6 (9.9) | 17.2 (13.6) |
Insulin therapy, n(%) | 173 (77.9) | 12 (92.3) | 135 (75.8) |
PHQ-9 (0–27) | 7.2 (6.3) | 10.1 (7.7) | 7.0 (6.2) |
Diabetes Distress (0–6) | 1.7 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.9) | 1.7 (0.8) |
DMSES (0–10) | 9.5 (1.7) | 7.98 (1.78) | 9.61 (1.74) |
MOCA (0–30) | 25.7 (3.5) | 22.4 (4.3) | 26.2 (3.2) |
Diabetes Knowledge (0–100) | 73.2 (19.0) | 65.0 (24.2) | 74.3 (18.1) |
Current smoker, n(%) | 33 (14.9) | 1 (7.6) | 29 (16.3) |