Table 1 Joint metrics during stance for each condition (mean ± SD)

Primary Metrics

 Peak Joint Angle (deg)

  Midtarsal Plantarflexion

-32.86 ± 4.91^bcd

-31.54 ± 4.78^acd

-29.34 ± 5.23^ab

-28.43 ± 5.60^ab

 < 0.001*

  1^st MTP Dorsiflexion

40.2 ± 5.5^bcd

38.8 ± 5.2^acd

32.9 ± 5.6^ab

33.2 ± 5.5^ab

 < 0.001*

 Joint ROM (deg)

  Midtarsal

16.28 ± 3.14 ^cd

15.61 ± 3.1 ^cd

13.04 ± 3.4^ab

12.55 ± 3.7^ab

 < 0.001*

  1^st MTP

35.63 ± 5.39 ^cd

35.37 ± 5.48 ^cd

27.42 ± 5.51^ab

25.5 ± 5.81^ab

 < 0.001*

 Joint Work (J/kg)

  Ankle Positive Work

0.122 ± 0.05

0.127 ± 0.05 ^cd

0.115 ± 0.05^b

0.114 ± 0.05^b

0.033*

  Midtarsal Positive Work

0.117 ± 0.04 ^cd

0.117 ± 0.03 ^cd

0.086 ± 0.04^ab

0.079 ± 0.03^ab

 < 0.001*

  1^st MTP Negative Work

-0.045 ± 0.02^bcd

-0.039 ± 0.01^acd

-0.031 ± 0.01^abd

-0.023 ± 0.01^abc

 < 0.001*

Secondary Metrics

 Center of Pressure (cm)

  Distance from 1^st MTP Joint Center^

3.34 ± 0.71 ^cd

3.48 ± 0.58

3.63 ± 0.63^a

3.65 ± 0.62^a

 < 0.001*

 Peak Joint Moment (Nm/kg)

  Midtarsal Plantarflexion

-1.17 ± 0.12 ^cd

-1.17 ± 0.11 ^cd

-1.12 ± 0.012^ab

-1.12 ± 0.12^ab

 < 0.001*

  1^st MTP Plantarflexion

-0.094 ± 0.02^d

-0.086 ± 0.02

-0.09 ± 0.02^d

-0.07 ± 0.03^ac

0.003*

 Peak Segment Force (N/kg)

  Forefoot Force

8.46 ± 0.84^bcd

8.94 ± 0.86^acd

9.39 ± 0.91^ab

9.57 ± 0.94^ab

 < 0.001*

  Hallux Force

2.85 ± 0.65^bcd

2.58 ± 0.62^bd

2.47 ± 00.66^ad

2.14 ± 0.89^abc

 < 0.001*