Table 3 Characteristics of 5 included studies
From: Predicting the outcome of plantar heel pain in adults: a systematic review of prognostic factors
Study | Participants | Treatment | Outcomes to be predicted | Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study and design | Ss and events | Demographics (age, BMI, gender f:m) | Prescribed Treatments | Permitted Treatment | Positive Outcome criteria | Follow-up length | Modelling method | Factors (n) | Prognostic factors identified |
Hansen, 2018 Cohort study | 174 80 | Age: 26—88 years, BMI: 17.8—43.3 kg/m2 Sex: 91 (52%): 83 (48%) | 93% US-guided injections | Various physiotherapy modalities | Scored > 0 on the NRS in either rest, during walking, during running, or on pressure | 5 to 15 years | Multiple Cox regression analysis | 9 | 1. Gender 2. Bilateral heel pain |
Wu, 2019, Clinical Prediction Rule | 75 49 | Age: 48.4 ± 14.5 years, BMI: 23.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2 Sex: 57 (77%):17 (23%) | Customized foot orthosis | Not allowed | (1) Reducing the pain intensity > 2 points or 50%, (2) Decreasing the FFI score > 7 points or PSFS score > 50% (3) Improving GROC scale of + 4 | 6 months | Multiple logistic regression | 63 | 1. Change in pain after taping, 2. Range of ankle PF > 54°, 3. Unbalanced strength of ankle PF, 4. Range of hip IR < 39°, 5. Range of hip ER > 45° |
Wu, 2018, Clinical Prediction Rule | 74 28 | Age: 48.4 ± 14.5 years, BMI: 23.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2 Sex: 58 (77%): 17 (23%) | Anti-pronation taping | Not Reported | (1) Reducing the pain intensity > 2 points or 50%, (2) Decreasing the FFI > 7 points or PSFS score > 50% (3) Improving GROC scale of + 4 | 1 week | Multiple logistic regression | 79 | 1. FFI score less than 33.3, 2. Unbalanced hip adduction angle, 3. Unbalanced ankle PF and hip abductors, 4. Unbalanced on ankle invertors, 5. > 2 painful sites in lower extremity regions |
Yin, 2017, Clinical Trial | 278 186 | Age: 55 ± 13.3 years, BMI:107(38.5%) < 26 kg/m2, 147 (52.9%) 26–30 kg/m2 24 (8.6%) > 30 kg/m2 Sex: 136(49%):142(51%) | ESWT | Not Reported | Reducing the pain intensity > 2 points or 50%, | 3 months | Multiple stepwise logistic regression | 10 | 1. VAS, 2. Heel spurs 3. Oedema |
Yin, 2019, Clinical Trial | 210 140 | Age: 54.1 ± 13.6 years, BMI: 76(36.2%) < 26 kg/m2, 112 (53.3%) 26–30 kg/m2 22 (10.5%) > 30 kg/m2, Sex: 98 (47%):112(53%) | ESWT | Not Reported | Reducing the pain intensity > 2 points or 60% | 6 months | Artificial neural networks | 10 | 1. VAS, 2. Heel spurs 3. Duration of symptom |