Table 3 Results for all outcome measures for all three foot measurement methods (mean ± SD and analysis of variances) and differences between foot measurement methods for all outcome measures
Dimension | Outcomes | Methods | p-value* | Differences between methods | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manual foot measurement (mm) | 2D Foot Scan (mm) | 3D Foot Scan (mm) | Manual foot measurement vs. 2D (mm) | Manual foot measurement vs. 3D (mm) | 2D vs. 3D (mm) | |||
length | Foot length, FL | 201.4 ± 18.0 | 197.5 ± 17.4 | 203.7 ± 18.1 | <0.0001 | +3.9 | -2.3 | -6.2 |
width | Projected foot width, FW_P | 74.9 ± 6.0 | 76.3 ± 6.8 | - - | <0.0001 | -1.4 | - - | - - |
Anatomic foot width, FW_A | - - | 78.0 ± 6.8 | 80.7 ± 6.9 | <0.0001 | - - | - - | -2.7 | |
(technical) Instep width (at 50% foot length), FW_50 | - - | 67.7 ± 6.0 | 68.6 ± 6.0 | <0.0001 | - - | - - | -0.9 | |
(technical) Heel width (at 20% foot length), HW | - - | 51.0 ± 4.6 | 53.5 ± 4.5 | <0.0001 | - - | - - | -2.5 | |
breadth | Anatomical foot ball breadth, FB | 200.2 ± 17.5 | - - | 197.0 ± 16.6 | <0.0001 | - - | + 3.2 | - - |