Fig. 3

Average kinematics of the hallux relative to the forefoot, forefoot relative to the hindfoot, and hindfoot relative to the tibia during the whole gait cycle. Comparison of the mild low-arched (MLA) group at baseline (red dotted line) and in backpack loaded (red solid line) state is shown. Comparison of the control (CON) group at baseline (blue dotted line) and in backpack loaded (blue solid line) state is shown. The horizontal axis represents the gait cycle and the vertical axis represents the range of motion. An asterisk denotes a significant change between the two states. Abd, abduction; Add, adduction; DF, dorsiflexion; Ext, external rotation; Int, internal rotation; PF, plantar flexion