Table 1 Study population characteristics. Mean \(\pm\) S.D. or N (%) given

Age (years)

range: 36–89

65.3 \(\pm\) 9.2

65.6 \(\pm\) 9.1

65.0 \(\pm\) 9.3

Current smoker

76 (8.4%)

37 (8.8%)

39 (8.0%)

BMI (kg/m²)

28.7 \(\pm\) 5.4

29.1 \(\pm\) 4.56

28.2 \(\pm\) 6.0

Physical Activity Index

range: 26.5–70.8

37.8 \(\pm\) 6.03

38.4 \(\pm\) 6.5

37.3 \(\pm\) 5.5

Knee pain

163 (17.9%)

70 (16.6%)

93 (19.1%)

CRP^ad (mg/L)

2.00 (0.93 – 4.60)

1.65 (0.85 – 3.53)

2.41 (1.05 – 5.75)

IL-6^ad (pg/mL)

2.47 (1.75 – 3.93)

2.58 (1.73 – 3.93)

2.39 (1.76 – 3.87)

TNF-α^abd (pg/mL)

1.15 (0.87 – 1.53)

1.16 (0.89 – 1.49)

1.15 (0.84 – 1.56)

Foot pain

181 (19.9%)

63 (15.0%)

118 (24.2%)

Forefoot pain

67 (7.4%)

12 (2.9%)

55 (11.3%)

Hindfoot pain

51 (5.6%)

25 (5.9%)

26 (5.3%)

Hallux valgus

260 (28.6%)

89 (21.1%)

171 (35.0%)

Hallux rigidus

26 (2.9%)

17 (4.0%)

9 (1.8%)

Any toe deformity^c

244 (26.8%)

114 (27.1%)

130 (26.6%)