Pain catastrophising, body mass index and depressive symptoms are associated with pain severity in tertiary referral orthopaedic foot/ankle patients

Table 5 Hierarchical multiple linear regression investigating factors associated with foot/ankle pain severity, as measured via MOXFQ-index

		Unstandardised Bcoefficients (95% CI)	Standardised β-coefficients	P value
Block 1: Demographic variables	Age	0.17 (−0.09 to 0.43)	0.11	0.201
	Sex (female)	1.25 (−6.10 to 8.60)	0.03	0.738
	Body mass index	1.18 (0.59 to 1.77)	0.33	< 0.001
Block 2: Addition of psychological variables	Age	0.26 (0.04 to 0.48)	0.16	0.021
	Sex (female)	0.59 (−5.67 to 6.84)	0.13	0.853
	Body mass index	0.87 (0.37 to 1.37)	0.24	< 0.001
	Pain catastrophisation (present)	20.07 (12.87 to 27.27)	0.41	< 0.001
	Depressive symptoms (present)	8.97 (0.81 to 17.13)	0.21	0.031
	CSS (present)	1.33 (−6.68 to 9.34)	0.03	0.743

Dichotomously coded variables include sex (males = 0, females = 1), pain catastrophising (1 = catastrophisation, 0 = non-catastrophisation), depressive symptoms (1 = present, 0 = absent), and CSS (1 = present, 0 = absent)
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, CSS central sensitisation syndrome, MOXFQ Manchester-Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire

ISSN: 1757-1146