|  |  | Intervention | Outcomes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study / Design | Methodo-logical quality | Study population gender: (male/female) age: mean ± sd | Type | Volume | Progression | Supervision | Adherence/attendance | Domain | Instruments and measures |
Taddei et al. [39] Randomized controlled trial | High | Long distance runners IG (n = 14) Gender: 5/9 Age: 41.9 ± 7.4 yr CG (n = 14) Gender: 9/5 Age: 41.6 ± 6.0 yr | I: Foot and ankle strength exercise program C: stretching program | 8 weeks 4 sessions 20–30 min | Customized, 3 levels (sitting, double leg, single leg stance) | Weekly supervised session | 80.4% supervised sessions attended |  | Barefoot running analysis with 3D motion capture system and force plates: |
Foot and ankle biomechanics | MLA ROMb and stiffness; | ||||||||
Ground reaction forces | GRF verticala and AP impulse at push-off. | ||||||||
Okamura et al. [40] Randomized controlled trial | High | Pronated foot posture IG (n = 10) Gender: 1/9 Age: 19.7 ± 0.9 yr CG (n = 10) Gender: 2/8 Age: 20.2 ± 1.5 yr | I: Short-foot exercise program supported by electrical stimulation and EMG biofeedback C: No intervention | 8 weeks 3 sessions 3 sets 10 reps 5 s contraction 45 s rest between sets | Customized, 3 levels (sitting, double leg, single leg stance) | Initial 20-min training session, weekly supervised session | 102.1% unsupervised sessions accomplished; 77.5% supervised sessions attended |  | Barefoot gait analysis with 3D motion capture system and force plates: |
Foot and ankle biomechanics | Navicular dropa and corresponding moment in time; | ||||||||
Ground reaction forces | GRF (anterior, medial, verticalc) in second half of stance; | ||||||||
Spatiotemporal parameters | Stance phase duration. | ||||||||
Matsumoto et al. [58] Pre-post intervention study | Low | n = 20 Gender: 10/10 Age: 20.0 ± 2.4 yr | I: Short-foot exercise program | 4 weeks # sessions NR 30 reps 5 s contraction | Fixed, 3 levels: wk. 1 – sitting wk. 2 – double leg stance wk. 3 to 4 – single leg stance | Initial 30-min training session | 67.2% sessions accomplished |  | Barfoot gait analysis with 3D motion capture system and pressure plate: |
Foot and ankle biomechanics | MLA compressiona, peak pressure per foot region, total plantar contact area; | ||||||||
Spatiotemporal parameters | Gait speed. | ||||||||
Lynn et al. [53] Randomized controlled trial | High | IG (n = 8) Gender: 3/5 Age: 23.7 ± 2.1 CG (n = 8) Gender: 3/5 Age: 22.6 ± 1.7 yr | I: Short-foot exercise program C: No intervention | 4 weeks daily 100 reps 5 s contraction | Fixed, 2 levels: week 1,2 – sitting week 3,4 – double leg stance | Initial training session, weekly phone consult, extra instructional training session before week 3 | NR | Dynamic balance | YBT mediolateral CoP excursion for dominant and non-dominantc stance leg |
Lee and Choi [54] Randomized controlled trial | Moderate | Chronic ankle instability IG (n = 15) Gender: 5/10 Age: 20.9 ± 1.1 yr CG (n = 15) Gender: 5/10 Age: 20.8 ± 0.9 yr | I: IFM strength exercise program C: no intervention | 6 weeks 3 sessions 3 blocks 4 sets 3–15 reps 3–20s contraction | Fixed, 3 levels:week 1,2 – sitting week 3,4 – double leg stance week 5,6 – single leg stance | Supervision, but not specified | NR | Dynamic balance | YBT composite reach distance normalized to leg length |
Mulligan et al. [56] Pre-post intervention study | Moderate | n = 21 Gender: 3/18 Age: 26.1 ± 3.7 | Short-foot exercise program | 4 weeks daily 3 min 5 s contraction | Customized, 3 levels (sitting, double leg, single leg stance) + variations (vision, surface stability) | Initial 1-h training session | 85.7% sessions accomplished | Dynamic balance | SEBT reach distance in five directions, among which mediala |
Tudpor et al. [55] Non-randomized controlled trial | Low | Diabetes IG (n = 8) Gender: 4/4 Age: 62.6 ± 0.4 yr CG (n = 7) Gender: 3/4 Age: 67.4 ± 0.5 yr | I: foot strength exercises + short-foot exercises C: foot strength exercises | 8 weeks daily IG 30 reps of foot exercises + 30 min SFE CG 30 reps of foot exercises | No progression, sitting position |  NR | NR | Dynamic balance | SEBT reach distance normalized to leg length in eight directions, among which laterala |
Lee et al. [57] Pre-post intervention study | Low | Chronic ankle instability (n = 15) Gender: 7/8 Age: 21.5 ± 2.5 yr | Short-foot exercise program | 8 weeks 3 sessions 3 sets 12 reps 5 s contraction | 2 levels, fixed: week 1 to 4 – sitting weeks 5 to 8 – single leg stance |  NR | NR | Dynamic balance | Moving platform: overall and medio-laterala center of gravity displacement index score |
Ma et al. [61] Pre-post intervention study | Low | Chronic ankle instability (n = 14) Gender: 6/8 Age: 20.3 ± 1.5 yr | Short-foot exercise program + sham transcranial direct current stimulation | 4 weeks 3 sessions 20 min 4 sets | 3 levels (sitting, double leg, single leg stance) | All sessions were supervised | NR | Dynamic balance | YBT composite reach distance normalized to leg length |
Kim et al. [59] Pre-post intervention study | Low | Pronated foot function (n = 7) Gender: 6/1 Age: 24.0 ± 1.9 yr | Short-foot exercise program | 5 weeks 3 sessions 30 min | No progression, sitting position | Initial training session, all sessions were supervised | NR | Dynamic balance | YBT composite reach distance normalized to leg length |
Pisal et al. [60] Pre-post intervention study | Low | Pronated foot posture (n = 40) Gender: NR Age: NR | Short-foot exercise program | 4 weeks daily 100 reps 5 s contraction |  NR |  NR | NR | Dynamic balance | YBT reach distance of both legs in three directions, among which posterolateral with the right legd |