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Table 1 Study and participant characteristics

From: Medical imaging for plantar heel pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study ID

Imaging modality

Sample size

Blinding

Uni or bilateral

Sample type

Female %

Mean age (years)

Mean BMI (kg/m2)

PHP

Control

PHP

Control

PHP

Control

PHP

Control

Aggarwal 2020

Ultrasound

44

50

NR

Bilateral

NR

95.5

50.0

36.0

38.2

28.8

25.7

Akfirat 2003

Ultrasound/Radiograph

25

15

NR

Bilateral

NR

92.0

73.3

47.5

46.5

27.2, 28.4 1

28.0

Berkowitz 1991

MRI

8

10

NR

Bilateral

NR

87.5

50.0

43.0

41.0

NR

NR

Bygrave 1998

Ultrasound

14

11

NR

Bilateral

NR

50.0

63.6

NR

NR

28.9

24.6

Cardinal 1996

Ultrasound

15

15

Unblinded

Bilateral

NR

60.0

NR

43.0

NR

NR

NR

Cetin 2001

Scintigraphy/Radiograph

22

17

NR

Unilateral

NR

77.3

52.9

47.4

53.3

29.2

28.7

Chen 2013

Ultrasound

38

21

NR

Unilateral

Community

63.2

42.9

45.2

45.1

25.4

23.3

Cheng 2012

Ultrasound

11

26

Blinded

Bilateral

NR

45.5

53.8

NR

NR

NR

NR

Cheung 2016

MRI

10

10

NR

Unilateral

Athletic

50.0

50.0

32.6

34.5

NR

NR

Fabrikant 2011

Ultrasound

30

33 2

NR

Bilateral

Community

53.3

54.5

57.1

58.6

32.1

28.3

Fernandez-Lao 2016

Ultrasound

22

22

NR

Unilateral

NR

50.0

50.0

47.9

47.2

NR

NR

Finkenstaedt 2018

MRI

22

15

Blinded

Unilateral

NR

68.2

80.0

54.0

47.0

28.8

23.7

Gatz 2020

Ultrasound/Sonoelastography

31

10

Blinded

Bilateral

Community

74.2

50.0

48.9

30.4

26.7

22.8

Genc 2005

Ultrasound

30

30 2

Unblinded

Bilateral

NR

90.0

90.0

43.1

42.9

28.1

28.3

Gibbon 1999

Ultrasound

190

48

Unblinded

Bilateral

Community

43.2

58.3

53.0

48.0

NR

NR

Granado 2018

Ultrasound

20

20 3

Unblinded

Unilateral

NR

65.0

13.0

47.0

43.0

28.3

25.3

Hogan 2020

Ultrasound

16

16

Unblinded

Unilateral

Community

81.3

81.3

26.1

25.0

NR

NR

Kamel 2000

Ultrasound

20

20

NR

Bilateral

NR

55.0

55.0

NR

NR

NR

NR

Karabay 2007

Ultrasound

23

23

NR

Bilateral

NR

65.2

47.8

NR

NR

NR

NR

Lee 2014

Sonoelastography

13

15

Unblinded

Bilateral

NR

NR

NR

45

46.0

NR

NR

Lin 2015

Sonoelastography

16

20

NR

Unilateral

Community

56.3

50.0

51.8

25.5

24.6

23.6

McMillan 2013

Ultrasound

30

30

Unblinded

Unilateral

Community

50.0

50.0

57.0

57.0

31.0

29.0

Osborne 2006

Radiograph

21

78

Blinded

Bilateral

NR

NR

NR

51.8

43.4

NR

NR

Ozdemir 2005

Ultrasound

39

22

Blinded

Bilateral

Community

74.4

63.6

45.0

36.0

28.0

25.0

Prichasuk 1994

Radiograph

82

400

Unblinded

Bilateral

Community

90.2

50.0

46.1

NR

NR

NR

Rios-Diaz 2015

Sonoelastography

21

23

Blinded

Unilateral

NR

14.3

47.8

38.0

23.7

26.5

23.3

Rome 2002

Ultrasound

33

64 4

Blinded

Unilateral

Mixed

NR

NR

24.6

23.9

23.1

22.3

Sabir 2005

Ultrasound/MRI

77

77

Blinded

Bilateral

NR

85.7

81.8

45.9

42.0

34.2

25.2

Sahin 2010

Radiograph

42

40

Unblinded

Bilateral

Community

76.2

75.0

48.0

47.2

NR

NR

Schillizzi 2020

Ultrasound/Sonoelastography

17

20

Unblinded

Bilateral

NR

NR

NR

50.5

47.5

25.0

24.0

Sconfienza 2013

Ultrasound/Sonoelastography

80

50

Blinded

Unilateral

Community

46.3

46.0

46.3

44.3

NR

NR

Song 2019

MRI

18

19

NR

Bilateral

NR

61.1

47.3

45.6

40.8

NR

NR

Sutera 2010

MRI

20

20

Blinded

Unilateral

NR

20.0

30.0

36.0

33.0

NR

NR

Tsai 2000

Ultrasound

102

33

Blinded

Bilateral

NR

69.6

51.5

45.0

41.1

24.5, 25.3 1

23.3

Turgut 1999

Radiograph

73

120

Blinded

Bilateral

Community

69.9

NR

47.0

NR

NR

NR

Wall 1993

Ultrasound

19

20

Blinded

Unilateral

NR

47.4

50.0

49.2

45.5

NR

NR

Walther 2004

Ultrasound

20

20

NR

Unilateral

NR

80.0

60.0

45.0

42.0

NR

NR

Wearing 2007

Ultrasound

10

10

Unblinded

Unilateral

NR

70.0

70.0

48.0

47.0

NR

NR

Wearing 2010

Ultrasound

9

9

Blinded

Unilateral

Community

66.7

66.7

48.0

46.0

29.0

28.9

Williams 1987

Scintigraphy 5

45

NR

Blinded

Bilateral

Community

44.4

NR

57.5

NR

NR

NR

Wu 2011

Ultrasound/Sonoelastography

13

20 6

Unblinded

Bilateral

Community

53.8

50.0

49.5

55.4

23.5

23.1

Wu 2015

Sonoelastography

20

30

Blinded

Bilateral

Community

60.0

63.3

45.1

41.6

22.5, 21.5 1

22.2

  1. Notes: 1 Study reported unilateral and bilateral data, respectively; 2 Left-sided PHP and control group data extracted for meta-analysis; 3 Right-sided PHP and control group data extracted for meta-analysis; 4 Matched control group data; 5 Radiograph data from this study were excluded (see Additional file 2); 6 Data reported for older age group of two control groups; NR = Not reported