From: New anatomical reference systems for the bones of the foot and ankle complex: definitions and exploitation on clinical conditions
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
First metatarsal
Specimens without pathologies
51.2° ± 2.4
-6.3° ± 4.7
-24.4° ± 0.4
-17.4° ± 3.0
-12.2° ± 4.7
Subjects with flatfeet
30.6° ± 8.5
-14.5° ± 6.6
-19.4° ± 11.3
-9.1° ± 3.5
-3.1° ± 4.0