Table 4 Association between study factors and DFI: unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios
Study factors | OR | 95% CI | p value | AOR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | ||||||
 Age | ||||||
  45–54 years | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  55–64 years | 1.30 | (0.91–1.87) | 0.154 | 1.17 | (0.81–1.69) | 0.393 |
  65–74 years | 1.56 | (1.09–2.24) | 0.015 | 1.26 | (0.85–1.87) | 0.254 |
  75+ years | 2.65 | (1.87–3.76) | < 0.001 | 1.93 | (1.28–2.90) | 0.002 |
 Sex | ||||||
  Male | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Female | 0.85 | (0.69–1.04) | 0.107 | 0.61 | (0.49–0.77) | < 0.001 |
 Current Marital status | ||||||
  Single | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Married/defacto | 0.41 | (0.29–0.56) | < 0.001 | 0.47 | (0.33–0.66) | < 0.001 |
  Widowed | 0.78 | (0.54–1.13) | 0.183 | 0.64 | (0.43–0.94) | 0.022 |
  Divorced/separated | 0.53 | (0.35–0.80) | 0.002 | 0.54 | (0.36–0.82) | 0.004 |
Socio-economic factors | ||||||
 SEIFA (IRSD) | ||||||
  quantile 1 (least disadvantaged) | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  quantile 2 | 0.94 | (0.71–1.24) | 0.664 | 0.94 | (0.70–1.25) | 0.656 |
  quantile 3 | 0.75 | (0.56–1.01) | 0.056 | 0.82 | (0.60–1.12) | 0.204 |
  quantile 4 | 0.89 | (0.67–1.20) | 0.450 | 1.05 | (0.77–1.43) | 0.760 |
  quantile 5 (Most disadvantaged) | 1.04 | (0.78–1.39) | 0.793 | 1.42 | (1.02–1.97) | 0.035 |
 Annual household income | ||||||
   < AUD 20,000 | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  AUD 20,000 - < AUD 50,000 | 0.64 | (0.52–0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.77 | (0.60–0.98) | 0.032 |
  AUD 50,000 or more | 0.40 | (0.31–0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.62 | (0.44–0.87) | 0.005 |
 Private health insurance | ||||||
  No (without DVA/concession card) | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  No (with DVA/concession card) | 1.34 | (1.01–1.78) | 0.042 | 0.96 | (0.71–1.28) | 0.786 |
  Yes | 0.69 | (0.57-0.84) | < 0.001 | 0.71 | (0.52–0.94) | 0.020 |
Life-style factors | ||||||
 Total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week (minutes) | ||||||
   < 150 min | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  150–300 min | 0.60 | (0.45–0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.70 | (0.53–0.93) | 0.015 |
   > 300 min | 0.54 | (0.44–0.66) | < 0.001 | 0.64 | (0.52–0.80) | < 0.001 |
Health status factors | ||||||
 Type of diabetes | ||||||
  Type-1 | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Type-2 | 0.57 | (0.35–0.92) | 0.020 | 0.55 | (0.33–0.90) | 0.018 |
 Duration of diabetes | ||||||
   < 5 years | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  5 to < 10 years | 1.23 | (0.93–1.63) | 0.149 | 1.13 | (0.85–1.51) | 0.386 |
  10 to < 15 years | 1.23 | (0.91–1.65) | 0.172 | 1.07 | (0.80–1.44) | 0.631 |
  15 years or more | 2.21 | (1.71–2.86) | < 0.001 | 1.62 | (1.25–2.10) | < 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
  No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Yes | 1.80 | (1.47–2.20) | < 0.001 | 1.36 | (1.11–1.67) | 0.003 |
 Stroke | ||||||
  No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Yes | 2.03 | (1.48–2.80) | < 0.001 | 1.40 | (1.01–1.94) | 0.043 |
 Asthma | ||||||
  No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  Yes | 1.78 | (1.38–2.30) | < 0.001 | 1.64 | (1.26–2.15) | < 0.001 |