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Table 3 Association between study factors and DFU: unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios

From: Social determinants of diabetes-related foot disease among older adults in New South Wales, Australia: evidence from a population-based study

Study factors

OR

95% CI

p value

AOR

95% CI

p value

Demographic factors

 Age

  45–54 years

1.00

  

1.00

  

  55–64 years

1.89

(1.25–2.88)

0.003

1.62

(1.05–2.48)

0.027

  65–74 years

2.57

(1.71–3.87)

< 0.001

1.84

(1.18–2.88)

0.007

  75+ years

6.41

(4.34–9.46)

< 0.001

4.19

(2.66–6.58)

< 0.001

 Sex

  Male

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Female

0.82

(0.68–1.01)

0.056

0.73

(0.58–0.92)

0.008

 Current Marital status

  Single

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Married/defacto

0.53

(0.39–0.72)

< 0.001

0.55

(0.39–0.77)

0.001

  Widowed

1.00

(0.70–1.43)

0.993

0.57

(0.39–0.85)

0.005

  Divorced/separated

0.66

(0.45–0.98)

0.041

0.70

(0.47–1.06)

0.096

 Country of birth

  English speaking countries

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Europe

0.97

(0.76–1.23)

0.779

0.76

(0.57–1.02)

0.064

  Middle East

0.24

(0.07–0.80)

0.020

0.19

(0.05–0.70)

0.013

  Asia

0.17

(0.08–0.37)

< 0.001

0.18

(0.08–0.44)

< 0.001

  Others

0.28

(0.12–0.65)

0.003

0.25

(0.10–0.60)

0.002

Socio-economic factors

 Annual household income

   < AUD 20,000

1.00

  

1.00

  

  AUD 20,000 -  < AUD 50,000

0.68

(0.56–0.84)

< 0.001

0.81

(0.64–1.04)

0.101

  AUD 50,000 or more

0.31

(0.24–0.41)

< 0.001

0.58

(0.40–0.84)

0.004

Life-style factors

 Ever being a regular smoker

  No

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Yes

1.31

(1.09–1.58)

0.004

1.28

(1.05–1.56)

0.016

 Total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week (minutes)

   < 150 min

1.00

  

1.00

  

  150–300 min

0.53

(0.41–0.70)

< 0.001

0.67

(0.50–0.89)

0.005

   > 300 min

0.44

(0.36–0.54)

< 0.001

0.54

(0.44–0.67)

< 0.001

Health factors

 Type of diabetes

  Type-1

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Type-2

0.58

(0.35–0.95)

0.031

0.56

(0.33–0.94)

0.028

 Duration of diabetes

   < 5 years

1.00

  

1.00

  

  5 to < 10 years

1.61

(1.20–2.16)

0.002

1.46

(1.08–1.97)

0.013

  10 to < 15 years

1.98

(1.47–2.65)

< 0.001

1.62

(1.21–2.19)

0.001

  15 years or more

3.85

(2.95–5.02)

< 0.001

2.54

(1.92–3.34)

< 0.001

 BMI classification

   < 18.5

1.00

  

1.00

  

  18.5 to less than 25

0.37

(0.17–0.81)

0.013

0.39

(0.17–0.88)

0.024

  25 to less than 30

0.26

(0.12–0.57)

0.001

0.29

(0.13–0.66)

0.003

  30 or more

0.35

(0.16–0.77)

0.009

0.45

(0.20–1.02)

0.057

 Cardiovascular disease

  No

1.00

  

1.00

  

  Yes

2.39

(1.96–2.92)

< 0.001

1.66

(1.34–2.05)

< 0.001

  1. OR Unadjusted Odds Ratio, AOR Adjusted Odds ratio; Coefficients, 95% CI and p values are reported for those variables which have at least one significant (p < 0.05) category, SEIFA Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, IRSD The Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage, DVA Department of Veterans’ Affairs, Psychological distress, None/low/moderate: less than 22 Kessler-10 (K10) score
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Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

ISSN: 1757-1146