Table 3 Plantar tissue stiffness outcome metrics
No. | Outcome metrics | Author |
|---|---|---|
1 | Compressibility index | Hsu (2000) [53] |
2 | Elasticity (Ur/Uf) (%) | Lechner (2019) [36] |
3 | Total deformation (Uf) (mm) | Lechner (2019) [36] |
4 | Elastic modulus | |
5 | Effective Young’s modulus (kPa) | Cheing (2013) [41]; Jan (2013) [42]; Chao (2011) [45]; Zheng (2000) [58] |
6 | Young’s modulus (kPa) | Sun (2011) [55] |
7 | Initial modulus (kPa) | Jan (2013) [42] |
8 | Non-linear modulus (kPa) | Jan (2013) [42] |
9 | Initial shear modulus (MPa) | Kwak (2020) [34] |
10 | Shear modulus (kPa) | Cheung (2006) [62] |
11 | Strain-hardening exponent | Kwak (2020) [34] |
12 | Ratio of the final displacement reading at 120s to the maximum displacement at 60s (where there is an application of stress for the first 60s, followed by 60s without) | Hashmi (2006) [50] |
13 | Change in force divided by the change in displacement, which was then transformed using a parallel three-element viscoelastic model developed by the authors | Mueller (2003) [56] |
14 | Change in force divided by the change in displacement, which was then transformed using a parallel three-element viscoelastic model developed by the authors; where, K1 = entire range of indentation; K2 = second portion of the indentation curve. | Klaesner (2002) [63] |
15 | Slope of the final part of the force/deformation curve | Chatzistergos (2014) [40] |
16 | Shore degrees (°) | Periyasamy (2012) [44]; Puri (2005) [51]; Thomas (2003) [52]; |
17 | Shore indices | Periyasamy (2012) [44] |
18 | Shore A values | Brink (1995) [59] |