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Table 2 Values for all measures are reported with validity, reliability and feasibility outcomes

From: Online questionnaire, clinical and biomechanical measurements for outcome prediction of plantar heel pain: feasibility for a cohort study

MEASUREMENTS

DOMAIN

PURPOSE

RESULTS

OUTCOMES

Patient Reported Outcome Measures (n = 36)

 Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)

Psychosocial factors

V

R

F

LoA = 0.2 ± 8.5; d = 0.01; p = 0.83

Excellent (ICC = 0.97)

Patients reported psychosocial questions duplication

Online use valid Reliable measure

Redesign order

 Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)

Activity level

V

R

F

LoA = −5.3 ± 22.2 d = − 0.22; p = 0.51

Good (ICC = 0.81)

Designed logic between relevant question to avoid time wasting and make GPAQ appropriate for online use

Online use valid

Reliable measure

Time burden Reduction needed

 Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire subscale (FABQ)

Psychosocial factors

V

R

V

R

F

PA: LoA = 1.6 ± 15.9; d = −0.06; p = 0.55

PA Excellent (ICC = 0.92)

W: LoA = − 0.5 ± 8.5; d = 0.25; p = 0.77

W: Poor (ICC = 0.39)

Patients reported psychosocial questions duplication

Online use valid

Reliable measure

Online use valid

Poor reliability

Redesign order

 Health-related Quality of Life (EQ. 5D-5L)

Quality of Life

V

R

V

R

F

VAS: LoA = − 0.3 ± 13.6; d = − 0.26; p = 0.07

VAS: Excellent (ICC = 0.94)

State: LoA = − 1.1 ± 8.5; 0.16; p = 0.55

State: Moderate (ICC = 0.64)

Easy to report & understandable

Online use valid

Reliable measure

Online use valid

Moderate reliability

Easy to use

 Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS)

Physical factors

V

R

F

F

LoA = 1.3 ± 10–2.5 ± 18.2; d = 0.11–0.16 p = 0.49–.08

Excellent to moderate (ICC = 0.99–0.73)

Patient answers inconsistent for last subscale.

Patients reported many questions in physical factors

Online use valid

Reliable measure

Redesign look

Reduce repetition

 Key miscellaneous questions

Morning pain duration (mins)

Morning pain severity (VAS)

V

R

V

R

F

LoA = 2.2 ± 18.7; d = 0.10; p: 0.34

Excellent (ICC = 0.94)

LoA = − 2.1 ± 19.0; d = − 0.10; p: 0.33

Excellent (ICC = 0.94)

Both measures easy to report & understandable

Overall: Online use valid, reliable measures that are feasible.

 Pain map

Foot pain map

V

R

F

Pain-spreading region with 66% agreement.

%98 matched; the medial aspect of RF

clumsy system

Valid Use

Reliable measure

Navigate Pain

Clinic Examination (N = 18)

 Foot mobility

Navicular drift

Navicular drops

MLA angle

V

F

V

F

V

F

PHP = 6 ± 3; OP = 8 ± 1; H = 7 ± 3 mm;

difficult to control medial movement

PHP = 10 ± 4; OP = 9 ± 4; H = 12 ± 9 mm;

Difficult to determine the change

PHP = 160° ± 7; OP = 156° ± 11; H = 155° ± 5

difficult to position and maintain set-up

Overall: a new measurement procedure is required.

 Range of motion

Hip IR

Ankle active DF

1MTPJ DF

V 

F

V

F

V

F

PHP = †43° ± 4; OP = 45° ± 9; H = 57° ± 12

Difficult to estimate centre of rotation

PHP = 27° ± 6; OP = 25° ± 3; H = 27° ± 3

Difficult to estimate true vertical and horizontal positions

PHP = 36° ± 4; OP = 38° ± 10; H = 37° ± 7

The test was affected by instrumentation,

Overall: valid measure but

binary outcomes needed and amended procedure.

 Strength (oxford scale)

H. ER

Ankle PF

Inversion

Intrinsic muscle

V

F

V

F

V

F

V

F

PHP = 4.7 ± 4; OP = 4.8 ± 4; H = 5

Difficulty to detect difference between grades

PHP = 4.9 ± 2; OP = 4.9 ± 2; H = 5

assesses muscles when contracting concentrically

PHP = †3.5 ± 5; OP = 5; H = 5

No difficulty is detected

PHP = 4,8 ± 4; OP = 5; H = 4.8 ± 6

Difficulty to control participation of other muscle groups

Overall: valid measure but binary outcome needed and more practical test.

 Modified knee to wall

ADROM before NP DFROM in full

V

V

F

PHP = 20° ± 8; OP = 21° ± 9; H = 21° ± 7

PHP = †14° ± 6; OP = 18° ± 8; H = 28° ± 10

Navicular drop not clear

Overall: sensible values but test needs modified

Ultrasound Assessment (N = 18)

 Thickness measures

PF origin

Mid PF

Heel pad

V

V

V

F

PHP = †‡3.7 ± 0.4; OP = 2.6 ± 0.8; H = 2.9 ± 0.4 mm.

PHP = †‡3.7 ± 0.4; OP = 2.6 ± 0.7; H = 2.8 ± 0.4 mm.

PHP = 8.4 ± 0.2; OP = 7.8 ± 0.2; H = 9.3 ± 1.9 mm.

Difficult to control pressure

Overall: sensible values but practice needed.

Biomechanical Assessment (N = 9)

 Graded loading challenge (GLC)

First vGRF peak

(N/BW)

V

R

F

NW = 7626 ± 1565; LS = 8866 ± 1822; NWW = 9445 ± 1564; LSW = 10,825 ± 1320

Excellent (ICC = 0.92–0.95)

Easy to measure & high-quality data

Overall: valid and reliable measure which is feasible to collect.

Second vGRF Peak (N/BW)

V

R

F

NW = 7826 ± 1656; LS = 8598 ± 1859; WW = 9569 ± 1541; LSW = 10,919 ± 1805

Good to excellent (ICC = 0.81–0.92)

Easy to measure & high-quality data

Overall: valid and reliable measure which is feasible to collect.

Rate of force development

(N. s− 1)

V

R

F

NW = 4741 ± 1307; LS = 5949 ± 1671; WW =5235 ± 1518;

LSW =7356 ± 1799

Excellent (ICC = 0.91–0.96)

Easy to measure & high-quality data

Overall: valid and reliable measure which is feasible to collect.

1.MTPJ DF on Toe off phase of gait cycle

V

R

F

NW = 14° ± 6; LS = 15° ± 7; WW =15° ± 8; LSW =14° ± 6

Moderate (ICC = 0.60–0.71)

Time consuming

Sensible values Moderate reliability

Discard measure.

MLA during midstance

V

R

F

NW = 139° ± 15; LS = 139° ± 15; WW = 140° ± 13; LSW = 143° ± 14

Poor to Good (ICC = 0.53–0.78)

Time consuming

Sensible values. Modest reliability

Discard measure.

  1. All measurements, their contents, purpose, relative results and outcomes are presented. Results of the clinical, biomechanical and miscellaneous questions are given in three groups to demonstrate differences as mean ± SD. Key: V Validity, R Reliability, F Feasibility, SD Standard deviation of mean values, n Number of participants, LoA Limits of Agreement (mean bias ±1.96*SD); ICC Intra-Class Correlation Coefficients, d Cohen’s d, BMI Body Mass Index, N Newton, BW Body Weight, min minutes, VAS visual analogue scale, ROM Range of motion, H.ER Hip external rotation ROM, DFROM Dorsiflexion Range of Motion, A Ankle, ND Navicular Drop, 1MTPJ First metatarsophalangeal joint, PF Plantar Fascia, MLA Medial Longitudinal arch angle, NW Normal Walking, LS Long-Step walking, WW Walking with Weight, LSW Long-Step walking with Weight
  2. †p < .05 compared to control: ‡ p < .05 compared to other foot pain