Table 6 Dynamic foot variables in participants with KOA (data reported as mean ± standard deviation)

Al-Zahrani and Bakheit 2002 [19]

Ankle plantar flexion in stance (°)**

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Barefoot

19.01 (15.90 to 22.70)**

30.88 (23.50 to 35.60)**

< 0.12

Ankle plantar flexion in swing (°)**

27.76 (17.70 to 26.40)**

22.74 (15.90 to 22.70)**

< 0.02*

Ankle moment (pre-swing) (Nm/kg)**

0.57 (0.36 to 0.78)**

0.79 (0.61 to 0.91)**

< 0.002*

Ankle power (pre-swing) (Watt/k.)**

1.46 (0.53 to 2.31)**

3.86 (2.91 to 4.58)**

< 0.000*

Anan et al., 2015 [20]

Maximum ankle plantar flexion moment during STS (Nm/kg)

3D motion analysis system, force platform-

Barefoot

0.36 ± 0.07

0.34 ± 0.07

0.343

Mean ankle plantar flexion moment during STS (Nm/kg)

0.23 ± 0.06

0.24 ± 0.08

0.685

Ankle planter flexion moment impulse during STS (Nms/kg)

0.47 ± 0.16

0.38 ± 0.15

0.072

Arnold et al., 2014 [21]

Hindfoot conronal plane ROM (^o)

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Barefoot

10.9 ± 3.4

10.9 ± 4.3

0.562

Butler et al., 2009 [24]

Rearfoot eversion excursion (^o)

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes

10.1 ± 2.8

No controls

NA

−0.030 ± 0.034

Peak rearfoot eversion moment (Nm/kg*m)

Butler et al., 2011 [25]

Peak rearfoot inversion moment (Nm/kg*m)

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes

−0.050 ±

− 0.062 ±

0.38

Rearfoot eversion excursion (^o)

0.045

0.03

0.96

10.6 ± 5.6

10.2 ± 3.7

Charlton et al. 2018 [28]

Foot rotation angle during natural walking:

3D motion analysis system- Barefoot

Ipsilateral foot (°)

−7.8 ± 7.9

No controls

NA

Contralateral foot (°)

−8.4 ± 5.7

Gardner et al., 2007 [31]

Planter flexion angle during cycling (^o)

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes

−6.0 ± 8.5

− 8.9 ± 10.7

0.834

Ankle eversion during cycling (^o)

−6.8 ± 8.5

−13.2 ± 8.4

0.015*

Internal rotation angle (^o)

8.1 ± 7.1

9.2 ± 7.6

0.849

Guo et al., 2007 [33]

FPA during stair ascent (^o)

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes

2.5 ± 6.6

No controls

NA

FPA during stair descent (^o)

11.3 ± 8.9

Hinman et al., 2012 [34]

COP offset (mm)

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes

−5.6 ± 4.3

No controls

NA

Levinger et al.,2012a [39]

Ankle dorsiflexion (^o)

3D motion analysis system, force platform-Barefoot

3.6 ± 3.3

2.4 ± 2.8

0.08

Ankle adduction (⁰)

2.8 ± 1.9

4.2 ± 2.1

0.01*

Toe clearance sensitivity in ankle (mm/degrees)

−0.1 ± 3.5

1.1 ± 4.5

0.05*

Levinger et al., 2012b [40]

Rearfoot frontal plane ROM (^o)

3D motion analysis system, force platform- Barefoot

10.2 ± 3.3

12.5 ± 3.1

NR

Rearfoot transverse plane ROM (^o)

8.8 ± 4.7

10.0 ± 4.9

NR

Internal rotation (^o)

11.7 ± 6.3

15.4 ± 7.9

NR

External rotation (^o)

2.9 ± 5.8

5.4 ± 6.1

NR

Lidtke et al., 2010 [41]

COP index

Plantar pressure plate- Barefoot

−5.87 ± 5.6

−0.45 ± 3.45

< 0.001*

Nigg et al., 2006 [42]

Ankle plantar flexion (^o)

Biodex system- Wearing lab shoes

50.6

No controls

NA

Ankle dorsiflexion (^o)

22.2

Park et al., 2016 [45]

MVIC of ankle inversion muscle group (N/kg)

Force dynamometer- Wearing lab shoes

0.62 ± 0.26

0.86 ± 0.31

0.007*

Reilly et al., 2006 [46]

Ankle Plantar flexion in sitting (°)

Objective manual testing (goniometer)- Barefoot

50.72 ± 11.49

52.13 ± 10.94

0.788

Ankle dorsiflexion in sitting (°)

10.07 ± 4.29

8.4 ± 3.71

0.000*

Calcaneal angle in sitting (°)

2.02 ± 2.04

−0.25 ± 2.93

0.000*

Saito et al., 2013 [50]

Partial foot pressure per body weight (%)

Plantar pressure sensor insoles during walking- Wearing lab shoes

Heel

27.1 ± 11.2

41.7 ± 8.5

< 0.001*

Central

33.1 ± 11.2

16.5 ± 13.8

< 0.001*

Metatarsal

12.4 ± 7.9

12.1 ± 6.7

> 0.001

Hallux

1.5 ± 2.2

3.5 ± 3.0

< 0.001*

Lateral toes

1.2 ± 1.7

2.5 ± 2.1

> 0.001

Tan et al., 2020 [53]

Peak dorsiflexion angle in stance (°) during walking

3D motion analysis system, force platform-Wearing lab shoes

14.9 ± 3.2

No controls

NA

Peak dorsiflexion moment (Nm/kg) during walking

0.15 ± 0.27

Peak dorsiflexion angle in stance (°) stair ascent / descent.

9.7 ± 4.4

Peak dorsiflexion moment (Nm/kg) stair ascent / descent.

1.08 ± 0.22

Weight bearing ankle joint dorsiflexion ROM (cm)

Knee to wall test

9.1 ± 3.2

Zhang et al., 2017 [56]

Contact area (cm²)

Plantar pressure sensor insoles during walking- Wearing lab shoes

Heel

28.9 ± 2.9

28.6 ± 1.7

0.982

Midfoot

41.5 ± 5.8

36.5 ± 7.3

0.043*

1st MTPJ

13.8 ± 1.6

13.1 ± 1.3

0.875

2nd MTPJ

13.6 ± 0.8

13.2 ± 1.3

0.922

3rd-5th MTPJ

12.7 ± 0.6

12.8 ± 0.3

0.986

Hallux

7.1 ± 1.7

6.6 ± 1.6

0.684

Lesser toes

10.3 ± 1.1

10.8 ± 0.4

0.988

Maximum force (%BW)

Heel

69.5 ± 15.2

67.1 ± 11.3

0.817

Midfoot

30.3 ± 7.1

23.6 ± 7.4

0.43

1st MTPJ

32.3 ± 7.1

26.5 ± 6.2

0.037*

2nd MTPJ

35.2 ± 9.1

30.3 ± 5.1

0.041*

3rd-5th MTPJ

17.7 ± 5.4

16.7 ± 4.9

0.843

Hallux

14.3 ± 6.5

13.5 ± 5.6

0.901

Lesser toes

12.0 ± 4.7

12.6 ± 3.2

0.973

Plantar pressure (kPa)

Heel

252.9 ± 52.5

243.7 ± 52.5

0.581

Midfoot

132.8 ± 28.3

116.5 ± 30.0

0.031*

1st MTPJ

295.1 ± 100.4

224.3 ± 62.4

0.024*

2nd MTPJ

273.8 ± 103.9

244.6 ± 56.1

0.183

3rd-5th MTPJ

156.1 ± 43.1

157.9 ± 49.3

0.981

Hallux

231.9 ± 77.6

219.6 ± 79.4

0.531

Lesser toes

139.4 ± 49.4

142.9 ± 44.9

0.801