Table 1 Study inclusion criteria

Study design

Studies with cross-sectional data or intervention data if the baseline data were available.

Study participants

Studies were included if they recruited participants with KOA; where a control group was included, they had to be otherwise healthy and free from KOA.

Study outcome domains

Studies had to include objective measures of foot mechanics or foot characteristics to be eligible. Objective measures of foot mechanics or characteristics included, but were not limited to, foot progression angle, rearfoot eversion, Foot Posture Index and muscle activity. Further data could be obtained from participants in a barefoot or shod condition, provided the shod condition was without any foot orthoses.

Study results

Results had to provide quantitative data presented as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range clearly indicating if it was collected in a barefoot or shod condition.