From: Research on lower extremity health in patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic scoping review
Measurement focus | Data collection method | References |
---|---|---|
Gait (biomechanics) | 3D or visual gait analysis of gait parameters (e.g. step width, swing, stride length) | |
Fast walking speed | ||
Gait (ability) | 2-min walk test | |
10-m walk test | ||
5-min walk test | [74] | |
Stair climb test | ||
Bessou’s locometer | [81] | |
Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (self-reported) | ||
Mobility | Timed up-and-go test | |
Timed 25-ft walk | ||
500-m walk | [77] | |
Aerobic capacity and endurance | 6-min walk test | |
One-legged cycling test | [62] | |
Physical activity | International Physical Activity Questionnaire | [67] |
Muscle strength | Isokinetic dynamometry | |
Isometric dynamometry | ||
Dynamometer | ||
Sit to stand (5 times) | [61] | |
Muscle endurance | Number of repetitions on seated leg press | [53] |
3-min stepping test | [55] | |
Muscle stiffness and spasticity | Multiple Sclerosis Spasticity Scale | [53] |
Ashworth Scale | ||
Tardieu Scale | [71] | |
Functional ambulatory score | [65] | |
Resistance to passive range of motion | [75] | |
Tendon reflexes | [75] | |
Dynamic or passive range of motion | ||
Balance | Stabilometry or posturography | |
Obstacle negotiation | [70] | |
Timed standing on one leg | ||
Static postural control | [58] | |
Centre of pressure | ||
Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale | ||
Berg Balance Scale | ||
Specific foot assessments | Vibration perception | |
Force distribution | ||
Plantar pressure | ||
Neuropathic pain | [60] | |
Sudomotor function | [60] | |
Oedema: Fovea’s sign, Stemmer’s sign | [80] | |
Sensation: Semmes-Weinstein monofilament | [50] | |
Foot deformities | [75] |