Table 4 Outcome measures Biomechanical

  Average peak pressure (kPa): Lateral midfoot

Chen et al. (2015) [16]^a

CTEV

Group 1 CTF and DB

N/A

62.21 (53.35-71.06) ^b

One-way MANOVA: p=0.005

Group2 DB and Own footwear

N/A

94.97 (66.38-123.59) ^b

Post hoc:

Group 1 vs. Group 2 p<0.01

Group 3 FAS and CTF

N/A

60.9 (49.26-72.54) ^b

Group 2 vs. Group 3 p<0.01

  Maximum peak pressure (kPa): Hindfoot

Group 1 CTF and DB

N/A

148.71 (135.49-161.94) ^b

One-way MANOVA: p<0.001

Group2 DB and Own footwear

N/A

105.51 (85.73-125.29) ^b

Post hoc:

Group 1 vs Group 2 p<0.01

Group 3 FAS and CTF

N/A

164.05 (148.22-179.90) ^b

Group 2 vs. Group 3 p<0.001

  Peak pressure ratio: Heel/forefoot

Group 1 CTF and DB

N/A

0.72 (0.58-0.87) ^b

One-way MANOVA:

p=0.009

Group2 DB and Own footwear

N/A

0.44 (0.29-0.58) ^b

Post hoc

Group 3 FAS and CTF

N/A

0.73 (0.61-0.86) ^b

Group 1 vs. Group 2 p<0.01;

Group 2 vs. Group 3 p<0.01

  Peak pressure ratio: Heel/lateral midfoot

Group 1 CTF and DB

N/A

1.45 (1.19-1.72) ^b

One-way MANOVA:

p<0.001

Group2 DB and Own footwear

N/A

0.77 (0.47-1.08) ^b

Post hoc:

Group 3 FAS and CTF

N/A

1.98 (1.68-2.29) ^b

Group 1 vs. Group2 p<0.01;

Group 1 vs. Group 3 p<0.01;

Group 2 vs. Group3 p<0.001

  Angle of gait (°)

Knittel and Staheli (1976) [41]

In toeing

SSF

- 17.3 (11.9)

ANOVA:

p<0.05

FSTF1

- 18.3 (12.4)

Post hoc

FSTF2

- 17.7 (13.9)

FSTF1 vs. SSF p<0.05

FSTF3

- 16.7 (12.7)

FSTF4

- 17.1 (12.5)

FSTF7 vs. SSF p<0.05

FSTF5

- 16.7 (14.2)

FSTF6

- 17.0 (14.3)

FSTF8 vs. SSF p<0.05

FSTF7

- 16.9 (12.4)

FSTF8

- 15.6 (14.1)

FSTF9 vs. SSF p<0.05

FSTF9

- 10.7 (14.9)

  Max. knee extension (°) stance

Jagadamma et al. (2009) [40]

Cerebral palsy

AFO and SSF

- 2.6 (2.8)

Wilcoxon signed rank: p=0.04

FSTF+AFO

3.7 (3.3)

  Knee flexion (°) initial contact

AFO and SSF

13.7 (8.4)

p=0.14

FSTF+AFO

17.2 (5.1)

  Max. knee flexion (°) stance

AFO and SSF

19.7 (9.3)

p=0.06

FSTF+AFO

25.2 (5.3)

  Shank to vertical angle (SVA) (°)

AFO and SSF

5.6 (3)

p=0.005

FSTF+AFO

10.8 (1.8)

  Peak knee flexion moment (N m) stance

Jagadamma et al. (2009) [40]

Cerebral palsy

AFO and SSF

0.59 (0.31)

Wilcoxon signed rank: p=0.25

FSTF+AFO

0.7 (0.32)

  Peak Knee extension moment (N m) stance

AFO and SSF

- 0.44 (0.2)

p=0.14

FSTF+AFO

- 0.29 (0.24)

  Base of support (cm)

Abd Elkader et al. (2013) [14]

Mobile pes planus

Group 1 BF

11.80 (1.06)

Paired t test:

Group 1 FSTF

9.10 (1.31)

Group 1 p<0.05;

Group 2 p<0.05

Group 2 BF

12.63 (1.96)

Independent t test

Group 2 FT

9.20 (1.17)

BF p=0.12;

FSTF vs. FT p=0.86

  Cadence (Steps/min)

Jagadamma et al. (2009) [40]

Cerebral palsy

AFO and SSF

122.5 (16.6)

Paired t test:

FSTF+AFO

122.3 (12.4)

p=0.97

  CoP displacement (mm)

Aboutorabi et al. (2014) [11]

Mobile pes planus

BF

6.55 (6.40)

Repeated measures ANOVA:

p=0.016

FSTF

5.84 (6.15)

Post hoc:

SLS+FO

5.87 (6.40)

FSTF vs. BF p<0.05

  Standing balance (s)

Wesdock and Edge (2003) [42]

Cerebral palsy

Group1 SSF (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

11 (13)

Mixed model maximum likelihood estimate: p>0.05

Crouch gait

Group 1 SSF + AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

18 (23)

Group 1 FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

50 (68)

Group 1 SSF (after 4 weeks wear of FSTF+AFO)

14 (23)

Group 1 SSF + AFO (after 4 weeks wear of FSTF+AFO)

11 (24)

Group 1 FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of FSTF+AFO)

49 (70)

  Difference in standing balance (s)

Wesdock and Edge (2003) [42]

Cerebral palsy

Group 1 SSF vs. SSF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

(-6)-20 ^b

No Statistical test for significance performed

Group1 SSF+AFO vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

(-2)-66^b

Group1 SSF vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

7 -73^b

Group1 SSF vs. SSF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

(-19)-13^b

Group 1 SSF+AFO vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

3-73 ^b

Group1 SSF vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

0-70 ^b

Cerebral palsy

SSF vs. SSF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

14 (6)

after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO

Subset of Group1 all participants who could stand ≥15s

SSF+AFO vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

84 (41)

SSF vs. FSTF+AFO p<0.05;

SSF vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of solid AFO)

98 (47)

SSF+AFO vs. FSTF+AFO p<0.05;

SSF vs. SSF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of FSTF+AFO)

- 8 (7)

after 4 weeks wear of solid FSTF+AFO

SSF+AFO vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of FSTF+AFO)

101 (25)

SSF vs. FSTF+AFO p<0.05;

SSF vs. FSTF+AFO (after 4 weeks wear of FSTF+AFO)

93 (33)

SSF+AFO vs. FSTF+AFO p<0.05

(Sig based on 95% Confidence Interval of Group 1 differences in standing balance)

  Step length (cm)

Abd Elkader et al. (2013) [14]

Down’s Syndrome mobile pes planus

Group 1 BF

26.53 (3.72)

Paired t test:

Group1 FSTF

30.83 (4.28)

Group 1 p<0.05

Group 2 p<0.05

Group 2 BF

25.63 (4.62)

Independent t test:

Group 2 FT

30.73 (5.51)

BF Group 1 vs. 2 p=0.62;

FSTF vs. FT p=0.95

Aboutorabi et al. (2014) [11]

Mobile pes planus

BF

37.99 (3.82)

Repeated measures ANOVA: p=0.478

FSTF

38.85 (4.97)

SLS+FO

39.05 (4.68)

  Step symmetry (%)

Aboutorabi et al. (2014) [11]

Mobile pes planus

BF

-4.90 (4.66)

Repeated measures ANOVA: p=0.000

FSTF

-2.70 (25.54)

Post hoc

SLS+FO

16.08 (31.25)

FSTF vs. SLS+FO p<0.05

  Step width (cm)

Aboutorabi et al. (2014) [11]

Mobile pes planus

BF

8.87 (1.61)

Repeated measures ANOVA: p=0.170

FSTF

8.91 (1.99)

SLS+FO

9.41 (1.69)

  Stride length (m)

Abd Elkader et al. (2013) [14]

Down’s Syndrome mobile pes planus

Group 1 BF

0.448 (0.06)

Paired t test:

Group 1 FSTF

0.504 (0.064)

Group 1 p<0.05

Group 2 p<0.05

Group 2 BF

0.455 (0.071)

Independent t test:

Group 2 FT

0.524 (0.078)

BF Group 1 vs. 2 p=0.82;

FSTF vs. FT p=0.44

Jagadamma et al. (2009) [40]

Cerebral palsy

AFO and SSF

1.08 (0.19)

Paired t test: p=0.54

FSTF+AFO

1.06 (0.20)

  Velocity (m/s)

Abd Elkader et al. (2013) [14]

Down’s Syndrome mobile pes planus

Group 1 BF

0.674 (.059)

Paired t test:

Group 1 FSTF

0.775 (0.035)

Group 1 p<0.05

Group 2 p<0.05

Group 2 BF

0.672 (0.109)

Independent t test:

Group 2 FT

0.762 (0.090)

BF Group 1 vs. 2 p=0.95;

FSTF vs. FT p=0.61

Aboutorabi et al. (2014) [11]

Mobile pes planus

BF

0.727 (0.136)

Repeated measures ANOVA: p=0.000

FSTF

0.847 (0.156)

Post hoc:

SLS+FO

0.779 (0.128)

FSTF vs. BF p<0.05;

SLF +FO vs. BF p<0.05

Jagadamma et al. (2009) [40]

Cerebral palsy

AFO and SSF

1.08 (0.1)

Paired t test: p=0.80

FSTF+AFO

1.07 (0.14)

  Anterior posterior control (CoP)

Ramstrand et al. (2008) [43]^a

Cerebral Palsy + mixed developmental disability

BF Medium (at 4 weeks)

45.7 (25.5-66.5) ^b

Wilcoxon signed rank

FITF Medium (at 4 weeks)

51.44 (33.7-69.2) ^b

BF vs. FITF Medium at week 4 p<0.05

  Mediolateral control (CoP)

BF Slow (baseline)

57.2 (47.0-67.2) ^b

Friedman ANOVA:

BF Slow p<0.05

BF Medium (baseline)

66.4 (52.6-80.1) ^b

Post hoc

BF Slow at week 8 vs. week 4 and baseline p<0.05

Wilcoxon signed rank

BF Slow (at 4 weeks)

69.2 (59.9-78.5) ^b

BF vs. FITF Slow at 8 weeks p<0.05;

BF Medium (at 4 weeks)

75 (67.4-82.6) ^b

BF vs. FITF Medium at 4- and 8-weeks p<0.05

FITF Slow (at 4 weeks)

55.1 (36.3-73) ^b

FITF Medium (at 4 weeks)

67 (54.3-79.2) ^b

BF Slow (at 8 weeks)

74.89 (64.9-84.8) ^b

BF Medium (at 8 weeks)

72.44 (55.1-89.9) ^b

FITF Slow (at 8 weeks)

57.56 (40.3-74.8) ^b

FITF Medium (at 8 weeks)

65.33 (44.5-86.2) ^b

  Number of falls toes up condition

Subject 1,2,6,9,10

0

Chi Square:

Subject 3

2

Between testing occasions p<0.05

Subject 4

3

Subjects 5,8

4

Subject 7

10

Subjects 1,5, 8 -10 (at 4 weeks)

0

Subjects 2, 6 (at 4 weeks)

Did not participate

Subjects 3 ,4 (at 4 weeks)

1

Subject 7 (at 4 weeks)

2

Subjects 1,2, 4 - 10 (at 8 weeks)

0

Subject 3 (at 8 weeks)

1

  Ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact (°)

Eek et al. (2017) [10]

Cerebral palsy

BF Long leg

-2.3^d (7.9) _e

Wilcoxon signed rank:

BF Short leg

-9.2^d (13.6) _e

Comparison long to short

FLTF Long leg

4.3^d (9.1) _e

BF p = 0.009;

FLTF Short leg

-2^d (17) _e

FLTF p= 0.017;

SSF Long leg

3.5^d (9.) _e

SSF p=0.009

SSF Short leg

-6.2^d (11.3) _e

  Ankle dorsiflexion in stance (°)

BF Long leg

11.9^d (11.6) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

6.5^d (6.4) _e

BF p = 0.22;

FLTF Long leg

15.1^d (4.9) _e

FLTF p=0.241;

FLTF Short leg

14.4^d (8.6) _e

SSF p=0.022

SSF Long leg

16.5^d (2.8) _e

SSF Short leg

11.4^d (10.7) _e

  Ankle dorsiflexion in swing (°)

BF Long leg

3.7^d (5.8) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

3.2^d (5.5) _e

BF p = 0.007;

FLTF Long leg

6.5^d (10.9) _e

FLTF p=0.037;

FLTF Short leg

2.6^d (9.3) _e

SSF p=0.13

SSF Long leg

5.8^d (7.8) _e

SSF Short leg

0.5^d (10.7) _e

  Hip adduction in stance (°)

BF Long leg

8.4^d (6.4) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

7.4^d (4.4) _e

BF p = 0.959;

FLTF Long leg

6.6^d (2.9) _e

FLTF p=0.646;

FLTF Short leg

9.3^d (7.5) _e

SSF p=0.646

SSF Long leg

7.0^d (4.8) _e

SSF Short leg

6.3^d (4.8) _e

  Hip extension in stance (°)

BF Long leg

9.6^d (6.2) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

11.3^d (3.7) _e

BF p = 0.114

FLTF Long leg

12.8^d (8) _e

FLTF p=0.241

FLTF Short leg

12.3^d (5.70_e

SSF p=0.203

SSF Long leg

11.9^d (7.3) _e

SSF Short leg

12.5^d (5.7) _e

  Hip flexion at initial contact (°)

BF Long leg

36.3^d (9.1) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

29.8^d (5.1) _e

BF p = 0.005;

FLTF Long leg

34.9^d (5.4) _e

FLTF p=0.139;

FLTF Short leg

34.1^d (4.1) _e

SSF p=0.005

SSF Long leg

36.3^d (4.3) _e

SSF Short leg

30.5^d (8.3) _e

  Hip flexion in swing (°)

BF Long leg

37.3 (6.9) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

33.0 (5.5) _e

BF p = 0.009;

FLTF Long leg

38.7 (7.3) _e

FLTF p=0.139;

FLTF Short leg

36.9 (6.1) _e

SSF p=0.028

SSF Long leg

36.3 (7.5) _e

SSF Short leg

33.3 (6.4) _e

  Knee extension in stance (°)

BF Long leg

7.0^d (9.6) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

4.8^d (12.6) _e

BF p = 0.007;

FLTF Long leg

4.9^d (10.2) _e

FLTF p=0.028;

FLTF Short leg

1.9^d (10.9) _e

SSF p=0.007

SSF Long leg

8.8^d (10.6)

SSF Short leg

1.6^d (8.7) _e

  Knee flexion at initial contact (°)

BF Long leg

13.4^d (6.8) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

11.9^d (7.8) _e

BF p = 0.508;

FLTF Long leg

7.7^d (7.5) _e

FLTF p=0.114;

FLTF Short leg

9.4^d (6.7) _e

SSF p=0.386;

SSF Long leg

7.3^d (11.5) _e

SSF Short leg

8.10^d (7.5) _e

  Knee flexion in swing (°)

BF Long leg

63.8^d (5.0) _e

Comparison long to short

BF Short leg

62.2^d (12.7) _e

BF p = 0.203;

FLTF Long leg

64.2^d (5.2) _e

FLTF p=0.445;

FLTF Short leg

60.8^d (13.4) _e

SSF p=0.093

SSF Long leg

65.6^d (2.7) _e

SSF Short leg

62.5^d (15.3) _e

  Cadence steps/min

Eek et al. (2017) [10]

Cerebral palsy

BF

100.6^d (17.8) _e

Friedman ANOVA: p>0.05

FLTF

98.4^d (25.7) _e

SSF

99.3^d (24.9) _e

  Stance phase %

BF Long leg

61.1^d (2.03) _e

Wilcoxon signed rank:

BF Short leg

56.8^d (4.0) _e

Comparison long to short

FLTF Long leg

60.8^d (292) _e

BF p = 0.022;

FLTF Short leg

60.0^d (4.16) _e

FLTF p=0.241;

SSF Long leg

62.5^d (1.91) _e

SSF p=0.005

SSF Short leg

58.9^d (3.90) _e

  Stride length (m)

BF

1.12^d (0.13) _e

Friedman ANOVA: p<0.05

FLTF

1.24^d (0.12) _e

Post hoc:

SSF

1.24^d (0.12) _e

BF vs. FLTF p<0.05;

BF vs. SSF p<0.05

  Velocity (m/s)

BF

1.18^d (0.16) _e

Friedman ANOVA: p<0.05

FLTF

1.24^d (0.12) _e

Post hoc:

SSF

1.21^d (0.22) _e

BF vs. FLTF p<0.05