Table 5 Mean maximum force (SD) and comparisons in Newtons (N) at the time of peak pressure for each of the 7 conditions (N = 36)

1. Control

39.5

(35.4)

N/A

N/A

75.5

(33.0)

N/A

N/A

121.3 (26.8)

N/A

N/A

2. Emsold metatarsal dome 5 mm proximal

54.9

(17.8)

−15.4

(−32.9, 2.1)

0.141

57.9

(17.5)

^{1, 4, 7}

17.6

(2.9, 32.3)

0.008

108.3 (23.3)

¹

13.0

(3.0, 23.1)

0.003

3. Emsold metatarsal dome in-line

55.6

(22.6)

¹

−16.1

(−31.1, − 1.2)

0.025

60.7

(18.6)

^{1, 7}

14.8

(2.2, 27.5)

0.011

107.6 (23.1)

¹

13.7

(6.3, 21.1)

< 0.001

4. Emsold metatarsal dome 5 mm distal

51.5

(21.5)

¹

−11.9

(−22.9, −0.9)

0.024

65.7

(20.0)

²

9.9

(−0.8, 20.5)

0.095

105.1 (22.4)

¹

16.2

(8.0, 24.3)

< 0.001

5. Langer PPT metatarsal pad 5 mm proximal

61.6

(26.5)

¹

−22.1

(−36.6, −7.5)

< 0.001

61.7

(21.6)

¹

13.8

(2.6, 25.0)

0.006

109.6 (27.4)

¹

11.7

(4.4, 18.9)

< 0.001

6. Langer PPT metatarsal pad in-line

57.8

(25.7)

−18.3

(− 39.3, 2.8)

0.155

61.8

(18.9)

⁷

13.7

(−0.3, 27.8)

0.061

105.1 (23.7)

¹

16.2

(8.7, 23.7)

< 0.001

7. Langer PPT metatarsal pad 5 mm distal

50.6

(19.7)

−11.1

(−31.3, 9.1)

1.000

67.1

(18.2)

^{2, 3, 6}

8.4

(−5.9, 22.8)

1.000

104.3 (22.8)

¹

17.0

(9.0, 25.1)

< 0.001