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Table 3 Psychological characteristics and psychosocial examination results of 209 Saudi diabetic patients by diabetic foot ulcer statusa

From: Associations of foot ulceration with quality of life and psychosocial determinants among patients with diabetes; a case-control study

 

Diabetic foot ulcers

Total (N = 209)

Magnitude of difference b

p-value

Yes (n = 45)

No (n = 164)

Family history of psychiatric illness

 No

36 (90.0%)

141 (88.1%)

177 (88.5%)

–

> 0.99

 Yes

4 (10.0%)

19 (11.9%)

23 (11.5%)

0.83 (0.26–2.58)

 

Visit to psychiatrist

 No

33 (75.0%)

149 (90.9%)

182 (87.5%)

–

0.005

 Yes

11 (25.0%)

15 (9.1%)

26 (12.5%)

3.31 (1.40–7.86)

 

Psychological/behavioral therapy

 No

33 (82.5%)

149 (93.1%)

182 (91.0%)

–

0.058

 Yes

7 (17.5%)

11 (6.9%)

18 (9.0%)

2.87 (1.04–7.97)

 

Psychiatric medications

 No

30 (75.0%)

148 (93.1%)

178 (89.4%)

–

0.002

 Yes

10 (25.0%)

11 (6.9%)

21 (10.6%)

4.49 (1.75–11.50)

 

Social support from family or friends

 No

10 (25.0%)

33 (20.8%)

43 (21.6%)

–

0.062

 Yes

29 (72.5%)

99 (62.3%)

128 (64.3%)

0.97 (0.43–2.19)

 

 Somewhat

1 (2.5%)

27 (17.0%)

28 (14.1%)

0.12 (0.02–1.02)

 

Psychological deterioration after diagnosis of diabetes

 No

21 (52.5%)

93 (58.1%)

114 (57.0%)

–

0.771

 Yes

10 (25.0%)

38 (23.8%)

48 (24.0%)

1.17 (0.50–2.71)

 

 Somewhat

9 (22.5%)

29 (18.1%)

38 (19.0%)

1.37 (0.57–3.33)

 

Improved family relationship after diagnosis of diabetes

 No

9 (22.5%)

54 (33.8%)

63 (31.5%)

–

0.216

 Yes

23 (57.5%)

68 (42.5%)

91 (45.5%)

2.03 (0.87–4.75)

 

 Somewhat

8 (20.0%)

38 (23.8%)

46 (23.0%)

1.26 (0.45–3.57)

 

Quality of life; WHOQOL-BREF (mean ± SD)

 Domain 1: Physical health

67.1 ± 19.2

71.1 ± 16.4

70.2 ± 17.1

−4.0 (−9.7–1.7)

0.263

 Domain 2: Psychological

75.4 ± 14.9

78.0 ± 13.3

77.4 ± 13.7

−2.6 (−7.1–2.0)

0.384

 Domain 3: Social relationships

77.3 ± 16.5

77.5 ± 17.5

77.4 ± 17.3

−0.2 (−5.9–5.5)

0.712

 Domain 4: Environment

75.1 ± 16.7

74.7 ± 13.8

74.8 ± 14.5

0.4 (−4.4–5.2)

0.672

 Overall quality of life and general health

75.6 ± 13.2

75.1 ± 17.2

75.2 ± 16.4

0.4 (−5.0–5.9)

0.891

 Total: All above domains

73.2 ± 12.4

74.8 ± 12.0

74.4 ± 12.1

−1.5 (− 5.5–2.5)

0.539

Anxiety; HAD anxiety

 Mean ± SD

4.7 ± 4.6

4.1 ± 4.4

4.2 ± 4.5

0.6 (−0.9–2.1)

0.355

 Normal 0–7

34 (75.6%)

134 (81.7%)

168 (80.4%)

–

0.357

 Anxiety > 7

11 (24.4%)

30 (18.3%)

41 (19.6%)

1.45 (0.66–3.17)

 

Depression; HAD depression

 Mean ± SD

5.7 ± 4.3

4.7 ± 3.7

4.9 ± 3.9

1.0 (−0.3–2.3)

0.200

 Normal 0–7

30 (66.7%)

127 (77.4%)

157 (75.1%)

–

0.139

 Depression > 7

15 (33.3%)

37 (22.6%)

52 (24.9%)

1.72 (0.84–3.53)

 

Somatic symptoms; PHQ-15

 Mean ± SD

6.8 ± 5.7

8.5 ± 6.2

8.1 ± 6.1

−1.6 (−3.7–0.4)

0.114

 Minimal severity (0–4)

18 (40.0%)

59 (36.0%)

77 (36.8%)

–

0.213

 Low severity (5–9)

16 (35.6%)

40 (24.4%)

56 (26.8%)

1.31 (0.60–2.87)

 

 Medium severity (10–14)

7 (15.6%)

33 (20.1%)

40 (19.1%)

0.70 (0.26–1.84)

 

 High severity (≥15)

4 (8.9%)

32 (19.5%)

36 (17.2%)

0.41 (0.13–1.32)

 

Self-Management; SDSCA (mean ± SD)

 Diet

44.8 ± 39.3

29.2 ± 36.9

32.6 ± 37.9

15.5 (3.1–28.0)

0.011

 Exercise

17.1 ± 26.1

18.7 ± 27.2

18.4 ± 26.9

−1.6 (−10.5–7.4)

0.351

 Blood sugar testing

55.4 ± 37.9

36.1 ± 37.2

40.2 ± 38.1

19.3 (6.9–31.7)

0.003

 Foot care

50.8 ± 35.7

23.4 ± 33.7

29.2 ± 35.9

27.4 (16.0–38.8)

< 0.001

 Total

42.2 ± 20.3

27.2 ± 21.2

30.4 ± 21.8

15.0 (8.0–22.0)

< 0.001

  1. a Number (frequency) unless noted otherwise. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, WHOQOL-BREF World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment, HAD Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, PHQ-15 the Patient Health Questionnaire Physical Symptoms; SDSCA Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. b Magnitude of difference between cases and control; odds ratio (for categorical data) or mean difference (for continuous data) plus 95% confidence interval. Empty cells means reference group