Table 2 Clinical characteristics of 209 Saudi diabetic patients by diabetic foot ulcer statusa
|  | Diabetic foot ulcers | Total (N = 209) | Magnitude of difference b | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 45) | No (n = 164) | ||||
Type of diabetes | |||||
 Type 1 | 4 (8.9%) | 33 (20.1%) | 37 (17.7%) | 0.21 (0.06–0.75) | 0.033 |
 Type 2 | 29 (64.4%) | 110 (67.1%) | 139 (66.5%) | 0.46 (0.20–1.05) |  |
 Unknown | 12 (26.7%) | 21 (12.8%) | 33 (15.8%) | – |  |
HbA1c | |||||
 Mean ± SD | 9.9 ± 2.7 | 8.4 ± 2.0 | 8.6 ± 2.2 | 1.5 (0.3–2.7) | 0.016 |
  ≥ 8 | 18 (78.3%) | 53 (54.1%) | 71 (58.7%) | 3.06 (1.05–8.89) | 0.034 |
  < 8 | 5 (21.7%) | 45 (45.9%) | 50 (41.3%) | – |  |
Age at diagnosis of diabetes | 37.6 ± 12.0 | 42.7 ± 12.0 | 41.6 ± 12.1 | −5.1 (−9.1--1.1) | 0.014 |
Family history of diabetes | |||||
 No | 14 (31.1%) | 46 (28.0%) | 60 (28.7%) | – | 0.688 |
 Yes | 31 (68.9%) | 118 (72.0%) | 149 (71.3%) | 0.86 (0.42–1.77) |  |
Symptoms | |||||
 Peripheral tingling | 23 (52.3%) | 68 (42.5%) | 91 (44.6%) | 1.48 (0.76–2.89) | 0.248 |
 Peripheral numbness | 35 (79.5%) | 78 (48.8%) | 113 (55.4%) | 4.09 (1.85–9.06) | < 0.001 |
 Peripheral hypo- or hyperthermia | 20 (45.5%) | 70 (43.8%) | 90 (44.1%) | 1.07 (0.55–2.10) | 0.840 |
 Peripheral painlessness | 17 (38.6%) | 16 (10.0%) | 33 (16.2%) | 5.67 (2.55–12.57) | < 0.001 |
 Peripheral edema | 10 (22.7%) | 39 (24.4%) | 49 (24.0%) | 0.91 (0.41–2.02) | 0.821 |
 Tiredness without working | 15 (34.1%) | 80 (50.0%) | 95 (46.6%) | 0.52 (0.26–1.04) | 0.061 |
 Blurred vision | 20 (45.5%) | 54 (33.8%) | 74 (36.3%) | 1.64 (0.83–3.22) | 0.153 |
 Nocturnal dyspnea | 4 (9.1%) | 27 (16.9%) | 31 (15.2%) | 0.49 (0.16–1.49) | 0.203 |
 Loss of concentration | 13 (29.5%) | 35 (21.9%) | 48 (23.5%) | 1.50 (0.71–3.17) | 0.288 |
 Amputation | 10 (22.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (4.9%) | NA | < 0.001 |
Number of comorbid diseases | |||||
 Mean ± SD | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 0.1 (−0.5–0.8) | 0.702 |
 None | 5 (11.1%) | 19 (11.7%) | 24 (11.5%) | – | 0.715 |
 One or two | 16 (35.6%) | 68 (41.7%) | 84 (40.4%) | 0.89 (0.29–2.76) |  |
 Three or more | 24 (53.3%) | 76 (46.6%) | 100 (48.1%) | 1.20 (0.41–3.56) |  |
Comorbidity | |||||
 Hypercholesterolemia | 20 (44.4%) | 97 (59.5%) | 117 (56.3%) | 0.54 (0.28–1.06) | 0.071 |
 Hypertension | 28 (62.2%) | 76 (46.6%) | 104 (50.0%) | 1.89 (0.96–3.71) | 0.064 |
 Joint diseases | 10 (22.2%) | 61 (37.4%) | 71 (34.1%) | 0.48 (0.22–1.03) | 0.057 |
 Cataracts | 11 (24.4%) | 32 (19.6%) | 43 (20.7%) | 1.32 (0.61–2.90) | 0.480 |
 Cardiovascular diseases | 12 (26.7%) | 29 (17.8%) | 41 (19.7%) | 1.68 (0.78–3.64) | 0.185 |
 Retinal disease | 14 (31.1%) | 20 (12.3%) | 34 (16.3%) | 3.23 (1.47–7.08) | 0.002 |
 Gastrointestinal disease | 5 (11.1%) | 26 (16.0%) | 31 (14.9%) | 0.66 (0.24–1.83) | 0.420 |
 Lung disease | 5 (11.1%) | 24 (14.7%) | 29 (13.9%) | 0.72 (0.26–2.02) | 0.536 |
 Anemia | 4 (8.9%) | 25 (15.3%) | 29 (13.9%) | 0.54 (0.18–1.64) | 0.269 |
 Renal disease | 4 (8.9%) | 15 (9.2%) | 19 (9.1%) | 0.96 (0.30–3.06) | > 0.99 |
 Others | 14 (31.1%) | 34 (20.9%) | 48 (23.1%) | 2.14 (0.68–6.74) | 0.148 |