|
Variables
|
Foot type group
|
Control
|
Orthosis
|
MDorthosis [95% CI]
|
ANOVA p-value
|
|---|
|
(Mean ± SD)
|
(Mean ± SD)
|
Foot type
|
Orthosis
|
Interaction
|
|---|
|
Peak horizontal GRF (%BW)
|
Normal arched
|
0.49 ± 0.06
|
0.48 ± 0.66
|
−0.01 [−0.02,-0.00]
|
.026
|
.001
|
.623
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.44 ± 0.05
|
0.42 ± 0.05
|
−0.02 [− 0.03,0.00]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
−0.05 [− 0.09,-0.01]
|
−0.06 [− 0.10,-0.01]
| | | | |
|
Peak joint moment
|
|
Hip - sagittal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
5.99 ± 9.85
|
7.21 ± 21.43
|
−1.22 [−9.25,6.82]
|
.501
|
.661
|
.380
|
|
Flat-footed
|
5.15 ± 11.07
|
1.53 ± 3.84
|
3.62 [−4.65,11.90]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.84 [−7.66,9.34]
|
5.67 [−7.89,19.24]
| | | | |
|
Knee - sagittal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
0.97 ± 0.41
|
2.65 ± 6.94
|
−1.68 [−5.52,2.16]
|
.389
|
.414
|
.416
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.86 ± 0.19
|
0.88 ± 0.16
|
−0.02 [−0.07,0.03]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.11 [−0.16,0.39]
|
1.78 [−2.57,6.12]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - sagittal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
1.01 ± 0.09
|
1.00 ± 0.12
|
−0.01 [− 0.04,0.02]
|
.649
|
.739
|
.488
|
|
Flat-footed
|
1.02 ± 0.09
|
1.03 ± 0.11
|
0.00 [−0.03,0.04]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.01 [−0.06,0.08]
|
0.03 [−0.07,0.12]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - frontal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
0.09 ± 0.07
|
0.08 ± 0.06
|
0.01 [0.01,0.03]
|
.111
|
.036
|
.511
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.14 ± 0.07
|
0.11 ± 0.06
|
0.02 [−0.00,0.05]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
−0.05 [− 0.10,0.01]
|
−0.04 [− 0.08,0.01]
| | | | |
|
Peak joint power
|
|
Hip - sagittal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
116.97 ± 345.66
|
78.28 ± 261.29
|
38.69 [−11.78,89.17]
|
.567
|
.057
|
.606
|
|
Flat-footed
|
75.92 ± 171.18
|
9.81 ± 18.77
|
66.10 [−50.69,182.89]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
41.05 [− 193.42,275.53]
|
68.46 [−95.34,232.26]
| | | | |
|
Knee - sagittal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
8.67 ± 7.21
|
7.58 ± 2.69
|
−6.71 [−21.7,8.03]
|
.389
|
.414
|
.413
|
|
Flat-footed
|
5.99 ± 1.99
|
5.95 ± 1.64
|
0.05 [−0.61,0.70]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
2.67 [−1.96,7.31]
|
69.89 [−98.79,238.57]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - sagittal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
7.95 ± 1.89
|
8.28 ± 2.48
|
−0.33 [−1.19,0.53]
|
.511
|
.638
|
.419
|
|
Flat-footed
|
8.67 ± 1.71
|
8.58 ± 1.68
|
0.08 [−0.38,0.56]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
−0.71 [−2.20,0.77]
|
− 0.30 [− 2.09,1.49]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - frontal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
0.21 ± 0.23
|
0.18 ± 0.14
|
0.03 [−0.10,0.16]
|
.188
|
.581
|
.807
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.13 ± 0.08
|
0.12 ± 0.15
|
0.01 [−0.04,0.07]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
−0.08 [− 0.06,0.23]
|
−0.63 [− 0.05,0.18]
| | | | |
- GRF ground reaction force, MDfoot mean difference in foot type (flat foot – normal arch), MDfoot mean difference in orthosis condition (orthosis – control), CI confidence intervals, ANOVA Analysis of Variance. *Significant differences (p < .05) are shown in bold
