|
Variables
|
Foot type group
|
Control
|
Orthosis
|
MDorthosis [95% CI]
|
ANOVA p-value
|
|---|
|
(Mean ± SD)
|
(Mean ± SD)
|
Foot type
|
Orthosis
|
Interaction
|
|---|
|
Peak vertical GRF (%BW)
|
Normal arched
|
1.39 ± 0.20
|
1.38 ± 0.18
|
0.01 [− 0.01,-0.03]
|
.059
|
.332
|
.808
|
|
Flat-footed
|
1.26 ± 0.09
|
1.26 ± 0.09
|
0.01 [− 0.01,0.03]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.12 [0.01,0.26]
|
0.12 [0.00,0.25]
| | | | |
|
Peak joint moment
|
|
Hip - sagittal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
0.51 ± 0.56
|
0.47 ± 0.48
|
0.04 [0.40,0.48]
|
.071
|
.896
|
.827
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.27 ± 0.16
|
0.27 ± 0.15
|
−0.01 [− 0.05,0.04]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.25 [− 0.11,0.60]
|
0.19 [− 0.12,0.51]
| | | | |
|
Knee - sagittal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
1.22 ± 0.35
|
1.28 ± 0.23
|
− 0.06 [− 0.15,0.04]
|
.495
|
.968
|
.188
|
|
Flat-footed
|
1.20 ± 0.27
|
1.14 ± 0.33
|
−0.05 [− 0.10,0.20]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.03 [−0.24,0.29]
|
0.13 [−0.10,0.36]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - sagittal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
0.97 ± 0.21
|
1.01 ± 0.13
|
0.04 [−0.02,0.09]
|
.219
|
.774
|
.086
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.94 ± 0.12
|
0.88 ± 0.18
|
−0.05 [− 0.15,0.05]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
−0.04 [− 0.18,0.11]
|
−0.12 [− 0.25,0.01]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - frontal (Nm/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
0.13 ± 0.11
|
0.12 ± 0.09
|
0.01 [− 0.01,0.03]
|
.910
|
.122
|
.980
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.13 ± 0.06
|
0.12 ± 0.07
|
0.01 [− 0.01,0.03]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.00 [−0.07,0.07]
|
0.00 [−0.06,0.07]
| | | | |
|
Peak joint power
|
|
Hip - sagittal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
4.18 ± 3.96
|
5.36 ± 6.97
|
−1.18 [−2.97,0.61]
|
.012
|
.217
|
.225
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.27 ± 0.16
|
0.27 ± 0.15
|
−0.01 [− 0.05,0.03]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
3.91 [1.43,6.39]
|
5.08 [0.71,9.45]
| | | | |
|
Knee - sagittal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
8.14 ± 2.93
|
8.33 ± 1.82
|
− 0.18 [−1.15,0.79]
|
.122
|
.716
|
.392
|
|
Flat-footed
|
7.22 ± 1.41
|
6.77 ± 1.77
|
0.45 [− 0.87,1.78]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.92 [−1.07,2.91]
|
1.56 [0.05,3.06]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - sagittal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
7.31 ± 2.54
|
7.65 ± 1.78
|
−0.34 [−1.04,0.37]
|
.829
|
.594
|
.112
|
|
Flat-footed
|
7.66 ± 1.01
|
6.98 ± 2.12
|
0.67 [−0.56,1.90]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
−0.34 [−1.91,1.21]
|
0.67 [−0.95,2.28]
| | | | |
|
Ankle - frontal (W/kg)
|
Normal arched
|
0.18 ± 0.23
|
0.16 ± 0.12
|
0.02 [− 0.06,0.10]
|
.803
|
.693
|
.588
|
|
Flat-footed
|
0.15 ± 0.17
|
0.15 ± 0.20
|
0.00 [−0.05,0.05]
| | | |
|
MDfoot [95% CI]
|
0.03 [−0.14,0.20]
|
0.01 [− 0.13,0.14]
| | | | |
- GRF ground reaction force, MDfoot mean difference in foot type (flat foot – normal arch), MDfoot mean difference in orthosis condition (orthosis – control), CI confidence intervals, ANOVA Analysis of Variance. *Significant differences (p < .05) are shown in bold
