Table 3 Results of included studies (listed by intervention type, NHMRC study level and Quality Index)
Study ID | NHMRC | Quality Index | Adverse Events (participants, %) | VAS MD (95% CI) | SR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corticosteroid injection | |||||
Thomson 2013 [39] | RCT | High | Corticosteroid group Several, (unknown %) increased foot pain 1–2 days post injection 3, (5.0%) dorsal skin hypopigmentation over injection site at 3 months 2, (3.0%) plantar fat pad atrophy at 3 months | − 23.9 (− 30.4 to − 17.4) | NR |
Lizano-Diez 2017 [41] | RCT | Moderate | 3, (18.7%) mild skin atrophy at the area of infiltration | −20.1 (− 21.8 to − 18.4) | 38% (15 to 65) |
Mahadevan 2016 [40] | RCT | Moderate | 1, (2.2%) localised depigmentation | Ultrasound −40.8 (− 55.4 to − 26.2) Non-Ultrasound − 34.1 (− 48.7 to − 19.5) | Ultrasound 30% (13 to 53) Non-Ultrasound 5% (0 to 23) |
Saygi 2005 [3] | RCT | Low | NR | NR | 50% (32 to 68) |
Park 2017 [54] | Case series | Moderate | NR | −57.0 (−59.4 to − 54.6) | 20% (15 to 27) |
Hassouna 2007 [22] | Case series | Low | NR | NR | 31% (17 to 48) |
Markovic 2008 [1] | Case series | Low | NR | NR | 63% (41 to 81) |
Sclerosing injection | |||||
Perini 2016 [55] | Case series | Moderate | Common, (unknown %) short term pain at injection site 178, (80.9%) hypo anaesthesia of the innervated area | −60.0 (− 65.7 to − 54.3) | NR |
Dockery 1999 [5] | Case series | Low | Common, (unknown %) post-injection neuritis for 48 h | NR | 82% (73 to 89) |
Fanucci 2003 [20] | Case series | Low | 6, (15.0%) transitory plantar pain | NR | 53% (36 to 68) |
Hughes 2007 [7] | Case series | Low | Common, (unknown %) 5–10 s of moderate transient discomfort during injection 17, (16.8%) increased plantar pain 2 to 21 days 1, (1.0%) complex regional pain syndrome which resolved | − 55.0 (− 56.7 to − 53.2) | 62% (52 to 72) |
Hyer 2005 [19] | Case series | Low | NR | −61.2 (− 80.2 to − 42.2) | NR |
Magnan 2005 [23] | Case series | Low | 1, (1.8%) developed 4th toe pain but unsure if related to intervention | NR | 80% (69 to 89) |
Pasquali 2015 [8] | Case series | Low | Mean local inflammatory reaction 1-week post procedure 0.7, (range, 0 to 2)** | −51.0 (−52.9 to − 49.1) | 74% (71 to 78) |
Radiofrequency ablation | |||||
Masala 2018 [53] | Case series | Moderate | NR | −73.0 (−74.7 to − 71.3) | NR |
Chuter 2013 [10] | Case series | Low | 8, (32.0%) described intervention as unpleasant 1, (4.0%) posterior tibial nerve irritation for 3 weeks | − 43.0 (− 50.8 to − 35.2) | NR |
Deniz 2015 [9] | Case series | Low | 2, (10.0%) superficial cellulitis and moderate haematoma | −38.0 (− 48.5 to − 27.5) | 60% (36 to 81) |
Manipulation/mobilisation | |||||
Govender 2007 [48] | RCT | Moderate | NR | −24.0 (−31.3 to − 16.7) | NR |
Cashley 2015 [2] | Case series | Low | NR | −65.3 (− 69.8 to − 60.8) | NR |
Wider footwear and metatarsal padding | |||||
Saygi 2005 [3] | RCT | Low | NR | NR | 14% (5 to 30) |
Bennett 1995 [4] | Case series | Low | NR | NR | 38% (29 to 48) |
Cryoneurolysis | |||||
Cazzato 2016 [51] | Case series | Low | 1, (4.2%) local cellulitis around cryo-probe entry point | NR | 78% (52 to 94) |
Friedman 2012 [49] | Case series | Low | NR | NR | 60% (15 to 95) |
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy | |||||
Seok 2016 [52] | RCT | Moderate | NR | −28.3 (−37.8 to − 18.8) | 0% (0 to 22) |
Orthoses | |||||
Kilmartin 1994 [50] | RCT | Moderate | 1, (10%) lower limb pain with supination orthoses 2, (18.2%) lower limb pain with pronation orthoses | Supination −10.0 (− 28.3 to 8.3) Pronation − 15.0 (− 30.6 to 0.6) | NR |
Botox injection | |||||
Climent 2013 [6] | Case series | Low | NR | −32.6 (− 49.0 to − 16.2) | NR |