Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
Study ID | Sample Size Female/Male | Age (years) Mean, Range | Inclusion Criteria | Intervention | Study Duration | Outcome Measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bennett 1995 [4] | 115, 99/16 | 48.0, 18–79 | Clinical | Wider, properly fitted footwear and a metatarsal pad proximal to the inflamed nerve | 3 months | Satisfaction |
Cashley 2015 [2] | 38, 23/15 | NR | Mulder’s sign, and positive digital nerve stretch test | Manipulation of the MTPJ (Distraction and plantarflexion of the MTPJ) 1/week × 4 weeks and 1 per 2 weeks × 2 (total = 6 treatments) | 8 weeks | VAS (0–100) Pain pressure threshold |
Cazzato 2016 [51] | 20, 15/5 | 50.3, 24–67 | Symptoms and US and MRI | 1 x MRI guided cryoablation (00 × 150 s) Some received additional cryoablation for 90 s but details NR | Mean 19.7 (1–50) months | VAS (0–10) Johnson scale |
Chuter 2013 [10] | 25, 21/4 | 55.0, 33–73 | US | Mean 1.6 (1–3) x US guided radiofrequency ablation (810, 5 × 2 min) 4 weeks apart | 6 months | VAS (0–10) |
Climent 2013 [6] | 17, 7/10 | 58.2, SD 2.6 | MRI or US | 1 x Botox injection (50 units of onabotulinumtoxinA dissolved in 0.5 ml of normal saline) | 3 months | VAS (0–10) FHSQ (foot pain, foot function, footwear, foot health) |
Deniz 2015 [9] | 20, 16/4 | 48.4, 21–67 | Clinical and US | 1 x US guided pulsed radiofrequency ablation (420 × 5 min) | Mean 9 (7–15) months | Satisfaction Comfort when walking VAS (0–10) |
Dockery 1999 [5] | 100, 73/27 | 51.0, 20–75 | Clinical but not specified | 3–7 x alcohol and anaesthetic injection (0.5 ml of 4% sclerosing solution consisting of 48 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine HCI with epinephrine (1:200,000) and 2 ml of ethyl alcohol 98%) repeated at 5–10 day intervals | Mean 13 (6–24) months | Improvement |
Fanucci 2003 [20] | 40, 33/7 | 48.0, 28–65 | Clinical and US | 4 x US guided alcohol and anaesthetic injections (0.35 ml carbocaine and 0.15 ml ethylic alcohol 95%) 15 days apart | 10 months | Johnson scale |
Friedman 2012 [49] | 5, 5/0 | 55.0, 47–60 | US | 1 x US guided cryoneurolysis (− 750, 1–3 freeze/thaw × 2–3 min cycles) | Mean 16 (4–56) months | Treatment response |
Govender 2007 [48] | 20, NR, VS 20, NR Split for combined 10:3 | 50.0, NR, VS 53.0, NR Range for combined 23–79 | Symptoms or clinical findings | Manipulation and mobilisation of foot and ankle joints (6 different techniques which may include distraction and plantarflexion of the MTPJ) AND 5 min detuned US 2/week × 3 weeks (total = 6 treatments) VS 5 min detuned US | 3 weeks | VAS (0–100) Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire Foot Function Index - Pain Foot Function Index - Disability Pain pressure threshold Pain pressure tolerance |
Hassouna 2007 [22] | 39, 32/7 | 55.8, 26–83 | Clinical and US | 1 x US guided steroid and anaesthetic injection (mixture of 2 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and 20 mg of triamcinolone acetonide) | Mean 11.4 (range NR) months | Activity restriction Footwear requirements Johnson scale |
Hughes 2007 [7] | 101, 84/17 | 53.8, 30–74 | Clinical and US | 4 x US guided alcohol and anaesthetic injections (0.1 ml ethyl alcohol 100% and 0.4 ml bupivacaine 0.25%) 14 days apart 4 additional injections provided to unknown number of subjects | Mean 10.5 (7–19) months | Johnson scale – modified VAS (0–10) |
Hyer 2005 [19] | 6, 4/2 | 61.7, 50–81 | Clinical | 3–9 x alcohol and anaesthetic injection (0.5 ml of 4% sclerosing solution consisting of 48 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine HCI with epinephrine (1:200,000) and 2 ml of ethyl alcohol 98%) weekly injections | Mean 346, SD 50.3 days | VAS (0–10) |
Kilmartin 1994 [50] | 10, NR, VS 11, NR Combined 19/2 | 40.0, SD 12.0 VS 46.0, SD 10.5 | Clinical | Varus foot wedge made of 7 mm hard compressed felt on the under surface of a fibreboard inner to supinate the rearfoot and fitted into the subject’s shoes (low heeled lace-up or loose fitting slip on shoes). Felt was replaced at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. VS Valgus wedge to pronate the rearfoot | 12 months | VAS (0–10) |
Lizano-Diez 2017 [41] | 16, 12/4 VS 19, 17/2 | 57.7, SD 9.8 VS 60.7, SD 11.6 | Clinical, Mulder’s sign and MRI | 1 x corticosteroid and anaesthetic injection (1 ml triamcinolone 40 mg and 1 ml mepivacaine 2%) 1/week for 3 weeks VS 1 x anaesthetic injection (2 ml mepivacaine 2%) 1/week for 3 weeks | 6 months | VAS (0–100) AOFAS Johnson scale - modified |
Magnan 2005 [23] | 65, 55/10 | 51.5, 19–80 | Clinical | 1 or 2 electrostimulation guided alcohol and anaesthetic injections (2.5 ml phenol 5% water solution followed by 3 ml carbocaine 2%) (19 ft received 2nd injection within 3 months) | Mean 36 (24–55) months | VAS (effective / ineffective) |
Mahadevan 2016 [40] | 23, NR VS 22, NR | 57.1, SD 11.7 VS 58.6 SD 14.3 | Clinical and positive web space squeeze test and US | 1 x US guided corticosteroid and anaesthetic injection (1 ml triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg and 2 ml lignocaine 1%) VS 1 x corticosteroid and anaesthetic injection (1 ml triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg and 2 ml lignocaine 1%) | 12 months | VAS (0–100) Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire Index Johnson scale |
Markovic 2008 [1] | 35, 28/7 | 54.0, 29–77 | Symptoms and US | 1 x US guided corticosteroid and anaesthetic injection (1 ml celestone chronodose 5.7 mg and 0.5 ml lidocaine 1%) | 9 months | Johnson scale Lower extremity functional scale |
Masala 2018 [53] | 52, 46/6 | 53.0, 33–75 | Symptoms and US and MRI | 1 x US guided continuous radiofrequency ablation (850 × 90 s) | 12 months | VAS (0–10) FHSQ |
Park 2017 [54] | 201, 158/43 | 55.9, 23–80 | Symptoms and Mulder’s sign and US | 1 x US guided corticosteroid and anaesthetic (1 ml dexamethasone 5 mg and 1 ml lidocaine 1%) | 6 months | VAS (0–10) Johnson scale |
Pasquali 2015 [8] | 508, 464/44 | 57.0, 29–81 | Symptoms, clinical and US | Mean 3 (1–4) x US guided alcohol injection (0.3 ml ethyl alcohol 95% and 0.3 ml of mepivacaine 2%) 2 weeks apart then 4 weeks apart for 3rd and 4th injections | 12 months | Satisfaction VAS (0–10) |
Perini 2016 [55] | 220, 187/33 | 55.8, 19–82 | Clinical and US | 1 x US guided alcohol and anaesthetic injection (0.6–1.0 ml of 50% absolute alcohol and 50% lidocaine 2%) every 2nd week for a median of 3 treatments (IQR 3–3) | Mean 19 (15–24) months | VAS (0–10) |
Saygi 2005 [3] | 35, 31/4 VS 34, 29/5 | 52.0, SD 11.8 VS 51.9, SD 11.0 | Clinical and US | Shoes with wide toe boxes and low heels and metatarsal pad (custom fitted inserts) VS 2 x corticosteroid and anaesthetic injection (1 ml methylprednisolone acetate 40 mg and 1 ml prilocaine 4%) 3 weeks apart | 6 months | Satisfaction |
Seok 2016 [52] | 14, 9/5 VS 12, 8/4 | 58.5, SD 13.4 VS 54.5, SD 14.3 | Symptoms, Mulder’s sign and US | 1 x ESWT (1000 shocks at 3 Hz) with energy level set to maximum patient tolerance (0.12–0.24 mJ/mm2) VS 1 x ESWT with probe perpendicular to energy delivery and energy level set to 0.03mJ/mm2 | 4 weeks | VAS (0–100) AOFAS Johnson scale |
Thomson 2013 [39] | 64, 54/10 VS 67, 57/10 | 54.7, SD 17.4 VS 51.6, SD 12.9 | Symptoms and US | 1 x US guided corticosteroid and anaesthetic injection (1 ml methylprednisolone 40 mg and 1 ml lignocaine 2%) VS 1 x US guided anaesthetic injection (1 ml lignocaine 2%) | 3 months | Foot health thermometer VAS (0–100) MFPDI – pain MFPDI – walking MFPDI – work |