An analysis of the foot in turnout using a dance specific 3D multi-segment foot model

Table 2 Repeated measures ANOVA for kinematic variables (N = 18)

Kinematic variable^a	Natural double leg up-right posture	Functional turnout	Forced turnout	Sautés in first position
Kinematic variable^a	Mean (SE) (95CI)	Mean (SE) (95CI)	Mean (SE) (95CI)	Mean (SE) (95CI)
Hindfoot eversion	1.1 (0.8) (− 0.6 to 2.8)	5.7 (0.9)* (3.7 to 7.6)	7.1 (0.9)* ^d (5.2 to 9.0)	15.8 (1.6)* (12.4 to 19.1)
Midfoot abduction	2.8 (1.2) (0.2 to 5.4)	5.6 (1.3)* ^c (2.8 to 8.4)	6.3 (1.3)* ^e (3.5 to 9.2)	7.7 (1.3)* (5.0 to 10.5)
Forefoot abduction	7.6 (1.0) (5.4 to 9.8)	8.4 (1.0) (6.2 to 10.6)	8.8 (1.0)^f (6.7 to 10.9)	8.7 (1.1) (6.3 to 11.0)
Navicular drop (mm)^b		1.6 (0.9) (− 0.3 to 3.5)	1.9 (1.0) (− 0.2 to 4.1)	12.9 (1.2)† (10.4 to 15.5)
First MTPJ abduction	10.7 (1.6) (7.3 to 14.1)	12.0 (1.6) (8.7 to 15.3)	13.5 (1.8) (9.7 to 17.4)	13.1 (1.8) (9.4 to 16.8)

*A significant difference relative to natural double leg up-right posture p < 0.001
†A significant difference relative to functional turnout p < 0.001
^aAngle values expressed in degrees unless otherwise signified
^bA negative value represents an increase in the navicular tuberosity height. A measurement error < 1 mm
^cThis significant result should be interpreted with caution because of the small difference
^dA significant difference of p = 0.033 relative to functional turnout. This significant result should be interpreted with caution because of the small difference
^eA significant difference of p = 0.012 relative to functional turnout. This significant result should be interpreted with caution because of the small difference
^fA significant difference of p = 0.042 relative to natural double leg up-right posture. This significant result should be interpreted with caution because of the small difference
Abbreviations: SE standard error; 95CI, 95% confidence interval

ISSN: 1757-1146