Table 4 Multilevel regression modelling to account for correlation between feet adjusting for BMI
Variables | Non-gout N = 102 | Gout N = 26 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Arch index: mean (95% CI) | 0.24 (0.23, 0.25) | 0.24 (0.22, 0.25) | 0.636 |
Subtalar joint inversion ROM: mean (95% CI) | 26.71 (25.09, 28.34) | 21.15 (18.23, 24.06) | < 0.001 |
Subtalar joint eversion ROM: mean (95% CI) | 12.12 (11.09, 13.16) | 10.00 (8.47, 11.52) | 0.010 |
First MTPJ dorsiflexion ROM: mean (95% CI) | 63.09 (59.56, 66.62) | 54.42 (47.81, 61.02) | 0.035 |
Ankle dorsiflexion knee extended ROM: mean (95% CI) | 61.94 (60.45, 63.42) | 62.90 (59.43, 66.37) | 0.609 |
Ankle dorsiflexion knee flexed ROM: mean (95% CI) | 51.97 (50.32, 53.63) | 55.03 (51.64, 58.42) | 0.092 |
Navicular height: mean (95% CI) | 0.18 (0.17, 0.18) | 0.17 (0.16, 0.19) | 0.922 |
Foot posture index: mean (95% CI) | 2.29 (1.95, 2.64) | 2.20 (1.61, 2.79) | 0.791 |
Hallux valgus: probability (95% CI) | 0.29 (0.19, 0.39) | 0.17 (0.07, 0.27) | 0.065 |
Foot pain regions | |||
MTPJ: probability (95% CI) | 0.39 (0.30, 0.49) | 0.38 (0.22, 0.53) | 0.831 |
Hallux: probability (95% CI) | 0.32 (0.23, 0.40) | 0.32 (0.15, 0.49) | 0.987 |
Greater toes: probability (95% CI) | 0.49 (0.39, 0.59) | 0.47 (0.31, 0.64) | 0.900 |
Lesser toes: probability (95% CI) | 0.47 (0.37, 0.57) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.48) | 0.149 |
Plantar forefoot: probability (95% CI) | 0.30 (0.20, 0.41) | 0.24 (0.12, 0.36) | 0.397 |
Midfoot: probability (95% CI) | 0.46 (0.37, 0.54) | 0.38 (0.22, 0.54) | 0.378 |
Medial arch: probability (95% CI) | 0.24 (0.17, 0.30) | 0.25 (0.12, 0.37) | 0.901 |
Ankle pain: probability (95% CI) | 0.37 (0.28, 0.45) | 0.37 (0.21, 0.54) | 0.935 |
Plantar heel: probability (95% CI) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.20) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.20) | 0.708 |
Deformity | |||
1st MTPJ: probability (95% CI) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) | 0.09 (0.00, 0.19) | 0.963 |
All toes: probability (95% CI) | 0.62 (0.38, 0.86) | 0.64 (0.33, 0.96) | 0.898 |
Lesser toes: probability (95% CI) | 0.59 (0.46, 0.72) | 0.63 (0.40, 0.86) | 0.754 |
Type of deformity for lesser toes | |||
Mallet: probability (95% CI) | 0.14 (0.09, 0.19) | 0.33 (0.15, 0.51) | 0.017 |
Hammer: probability (95% CI) | 0.30 (0.17, 0.44) | 0.34 (0.09, 0.59) | 0.760 |
Claw: probability (95% CI) | 0.18 (0.17, 0.18) | 0.17 (0.17, 0.18) | 0.041 |
Retracted: probability (95% CI) | 0.06 (0.00, 0.23) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.20) | 0.927 |
Plantar aspect skin lesion | |||
Whole foot: probability (95% CI) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.81) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.85) | 0.350 |
Greater toe: probability (95% CI) | 0.59 (0.51, 0.68) | 0.52 (0.34, 0.70) | 0.472 |
Lesser toes: probability (95% CI) | 0.57 (0.47, 0.67) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.63) | 0.275 |
Midfoot: probability (95% CI) | 0.51 (0.41, 0.60) | 0.42 (0.21, 0.62) | 0.493 |
Dorsal aspect skin lesion | |||
Whole foot: probability (95% CI) | 0.39 (0.00, 0.89) | 0.23 (0.00, 1.10) | 0.780 |
Greater toe: probability (95% CI) | 0.24 (0.16, 0.31) | 0.11 (0.00, 0.23) | 0.100 |
Lesser toes: probability (95% CI) | 0.38 (0.22, 0.54) | 0.20 (0.08, 0.31) | 0.115 |