Inclusion Criteria Both Groups | |
(i) aged ≥40 years; | |
Exclusion Criteria Both Groups | |
(i) current or previous pain in the knee, hip, lumbar spine or foot that had lasted longer than 3 months and/or required intervention; (ii) foot orthoses use in the last 12 months. (iii) a history of hip, knee or foot surgery; (iv) neurological or systemic arthritis conditions; (v) planned lower limb surgery in the following 2 months; (vi) physical inability to undertake testing procedures; (vii) an inability to understand written and spoken English. | |
Specific Inclusion Criteria PF OA | |
(i) anterior knee pain aggravated by at least two activities that load the PF joint (e.g. squatting, stair ambulation); (ii) pain during these activities present on most days in the past month; (iii) pain severity ≥30 mm on a 100 mm visual analogue scale during aggravating activities; (iv) radiographic evidence of PF OA (Kellgren and Lawrence ≥ grade 1 [19]). | |
Specific Exclusion Criteria PF OA | |
(i) concomitant pain from other knee structures (including the TF joint), hip or lumbar spine; (ii) recent treatment for PF pain (knee injections within the previous 3 months; (iii) foot orthoses or physiotherapy within the previous 12 months) (iv) moderate to severe concomitant TF OA (Kellgren and Lawrence grade ≥ 3 on radiograph); (v) contraindications to x-ray. |