Table 4 Linear mixed model analysis for the change in peak KFM between footwear and barefoot conditions. Fixed effect estimates, 95% CI and p values are reported for each term analysed within the model

Footwear condition

0.04, (− 0.10, 0.18), p = 0.55

Change in sagittal plane knee-GRF lever arm (mm) in barefoot condition

0.02, (0.02, 0.03), p < 0.001

Change in sagittal plane knee-GRF lever arm in footwear condition

0.02, (0.01, 0.03), p < 0.001

Change in sagittal plane resultant GRF magnitude (BW)

−0.01, (− 0.06, 0.04), p = 0.72

Change in hip flexion angle (°)

− 0.004, (− 0.02, 0.01), p = 0.46

Change in knee flexion angle (°)

0.01, (− 0.001, 0.03), p = 0.07

Change in knee flexion at initial contact (°)

− 0.0003, (− 0.01, 0.01), p = 0.96

Change in knee flexion excursion (°)

0.003, (− 0.01, 0.03), p = 0.64

Change in ankle dorsiflexion angle (°)

− 0.0002, (− 0.01, 0.01), p = 0.97