Differences and mechanisms underpinning a change in the knee flexion moment while running in stability and neutral footwear among young females

Table 3 Differences in biomechanical variables of interest between footwear and barefoot conditions. All variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation with the P value for between shoes and barefoot comparisons

Variable	Barefoot	Stability	Neutral	P value barefoot v high-support	P value barefoot v low-support	P value high-support v low-support
Peak KFM (Nm/kg)	2.24 ± 0.41	2.67 ± 0.41^a	2.62 ± 0.39^a	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.06
Running velocity (m/s)	3.12 ± 0.20	3.12 ± 0.21	3.14 ± 0.21	0.76	0.07	0.41
Stance time (s)	0.23 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.02^a	0.25 ± 0.02^a	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.08
Sagittal plane knee-GRF lever arm (mm)^c	103.75 ± 18.05	119.50 ± 18.04^ab	117.29 ± 17.05^a	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.04
Sagittal plane resultant GRF magnitude (BW)^c	2.48 ± 0.45	2.55 ± 0.44^a	2.56 ± 0.44^a	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.27
Hip flexion angle (°)^c	37.64 ± 7.60	40.45 ± 8.04^a	40.04 ± 7.58^a	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.43
Knee flexion angle (°)^c	46.96 ± 4.52	48.99 ± 4.84^a	49.36 ± 4.10^a	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.32
Knee flexion at initial contact (°)	19.11 ± 4.30	16.16 ± 4.40^ab	17.64 ± 5.83^a	< 0.001	0.02	0.04
Knee flexion excursion (°)	32.40 ± 4.79	36.21 ± 4.22^a	36.31 ± 4.32^a	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.77
Ankle dorsiflexion angle (°)^c	19.01 ± 3.81	20.17 ± 3.08^a	19.75 ± 3.37	0.01	0.12	0.12