Table 5 COSMIN critical appraisal tool used for studies that could be analysed for their measurement properties

Berg et al. [2]

Radiographs: Berg classification system

Yes

n/a

n/a

n/a

Poor

Cook et al. [23]

Radiographs: Berg classification system

No

Poor

n/a

n/a

n/a

Dawoodi et al. [32]

Radiographs: metatarsal angle (4th), modified metatarsal angle (5th), rearfoot – 2nd metatarsal angle, Engel’s Angle, modified Engel’s angle.

No

Good

n/a

n/a

n/a

Dominguez et al. [33]

Radiographs: Traditional metatarsus adductus angle (cuboid and the 4th metatarsal as reference), modified metatarsus adductus angle (cuboid and the 5th metatarsal).

No

Fair

n/a

n/a

n/a

Engel, et al. [35]

Radiographs: Traditional metatarsus adductus angle and the modified metatarsus adductus angle

Modified metatarsus adductus angle only.

n/a

n/a

Fair

n/a

French, et al. [34]

Radiographs: Lateral calcaneal 5th metatarsal angle, inter-metatarsal angle, talus first metatarsal angle, talocalcaneal angle (Kite’s angle), first metatarsal fifth metatarsal angle, talocaneal angle (lateral view).

First-metatarsal fifth-metatarsal angle was author driven. All other angles were not.

n/a

Poor

n/a

Poor

Herzenberg et al. [20]

Footprints analysed using a modified version of Bleck’s measurement.

Yes

n/a

n/a

n/a

Poor

Knörr et al. [4]

Radiographs: First cuneiform metatarsal angle, metatarsal-metaphyseal angle.

No

n/a

n/a

n/a

Poor

Lepow et al. [25]

Radiographs: Paediatric metatarsus adductus angle

Yes

n/a

n/a

n/a

Poor