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Table 4 Lateral-medial force index during each stance period phase for each of the foot posture groups. Higher values represent higher relative force lateral to the centre of pressure

From: Centre of pressure characteristics in normal, planus and cavus feet

 

Normal mean (SD)

Planus mean (SD)

Cavus mean (SD)

Planus vs normal mean difference (95% CI) ESa

Cavus vs normal mean difference (95% CI) ESa

Planus vs cavus mean difference (95% CI) ESa

Loading response

Average

0.945 (0.142)

0.887 (0.116)

0.978 (0.206)

− 0.058 (− 0.156 to 0.039)

0.033 (− 0.068 to 0.134)

−0.091 (− 0.194 to 0.012)

Maximum

1.169 (0.199)

1.164 (0.255)

1.289 (0.353)

−0.005 (− 0.176 to 0.167)

0.119 (− 0.057 to 0.296)

−0.124 (− 0.304 to 0.055)

Minimum

0.711 (0.181)

0.631 (0.207)

0.715 (0.221)

−0.079 (− 0.206 to 0.046)

0.004 (− 0.126 to 0.134)

−0.084 (− 0.217 to 0.050)

Range

0.507 (0.220)

0.523 (0.275)

0.573 (0.281)

0.016 (−0.144 to 0.175)

0.066 (− 0.100 to 0.233)

− 0.050 (− 0.219 to 0.118)

Midstance

Average

1.400 (0.249)

1.276 (0.161)

1.343 (0.199)

−0.124 (− 0.255 to 0.008)

−0.056 (− 0.192 to 0.079)

−0.067 (− 0.208 to 0.073)

Maximum

1.592 (0.263)

1.450 (0.207)

1.561 (0.259)

−0.142 (− 0.297 to 0.012)

−0.032 (− 0.192 to 0.128)

−0.111 (− 0.275 to 0.054)

Minimum

1.077 (0.141)

1.025 (0.178)

1.070 (0.189)

−0.052 (− 0.158 to 0.054)

−0.007 (− 0.117 to 0.103)

−0.044 (− 0.157 to 0.068)

Range

0.527 (0.295)

0.405 (0.173)

0.493 (0.238)

−0.122 (− 0.274 to 0.029)

−0.033 (− 0.189 to 0.123)

−0.089 (− 0.249 to 0.072)

Terminal stance

Average

1.235 (0.204)

1.153 (0.115)

1.148 (0.157)

−0.082 (− 0.186 to 0.022)

−0.087 (− 0.193 to 0.019)

0.005 (− 0.105 to 0.115)

Maximum

1.474 (0.193)

1.383 (0.139)

1.437 (0.262)

−0.090 (− 0.219 to 0.038)

−0.036 (− 0.168 to 0.095)

−0.054 (− 0.189 to 0.080)

Minimum

0.941 (0.189)

0.954 (0.163)

0.891 (0.149)

0.013 (−0.092 to 0.118)

−0.049 (− 0.158 to 0.059)

0.063 (− 0.049 to 0.175)

Range

0.617 (0.372)

0.426 (0.183)

0.546 (0.281)

−0.190 (− 0.375 to − 0.006) 0.65b

−0.070 (− 0.259 to 0.118)

−0.120 (− 0.317 to 0.077)

Pre-swing

Average

0.838 (0.186)

0.772 (0.151)

0.782 (0.121)

−0.065 (− 0.165 to 0.033)

−0.056 (− 0.158 to 0.047)

−0.009 (− 0.116 to 0.096)

Maximum

1.118 (0.208)

1.120 (0.241)

1.055 (0.121)

0.002 (−0.126 to 0.131)

−0.063 (− 0.195 to 0.069)

0.065 (− 0.068 to 0.200)

Minimum

0.513 (0.136)

0.459 (0.102)

0.494 (0.124)

0.054 (−0.024 to 0.132)

0.019 (−0.061 to 0.098)

0.035 (− 0.046 to 0.116)

Range

1.631 (0.243)

1.579 (0.263)

1.538 (0.167)

−0.052 (− 0.200 to 0.097)

−0.093 (− 0.246 to 0.060)

0.041 (− 0.114 to 0.196)

  1. ES effect size, CI: confidence interval
  2. a Effect size (Cohen’s d) only reported for statistically significant comparisons
  3. b Significant difference between groups, p < 0.05