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Table 4 Range of inter-segmental foot motion

From: Inter-segmental motions of the foot: differences between younger and older healthy adult females

 

Older female

(n = 50)

Young female

(n = 50)

p value

Hallux relative to forefoot (°)

 Max DF

24.3 ± 6.3

30.8 ± 5.2

< 0.001

 Max PF

11.6 ± 4.4

9.5 ± 3.7

0.034

 ROM

35.9 ± 4.2

40.3 ± 4.3

< 0.001

 Min Val

6.7 ± 6.8

0.9 ± 7.2

< 0.001

 Max Val

15.0 ± 6.1

11.3 ± 6.7

0.004

 ROM

8.4 ± 2.9

10.4 ± 2.9

0.001

Forefoot relative to hindfoot (°)

 Max DF

4.9 ± 3.0

3.5 ± 3.7

0.032

 Max PF

8.6 ± 3.8

11.2 ± 3.9

<0.001

 ROM

13.5 ± 3.3

14.8 ± 2.8

0.023

 Max Sup

15.2 ± 5.0

11.8 ± 4.0

0.001

 Min Sup

5.1 ± 4.4

3.1 ± 4.5

0.089

 ROM

10.1 ± 3.2

8.7 ± 2.6

0.014

 Max Add

0.5 ± 4.7

−0.5 ± 6.4

0.411

 Max Abd

10.9 ± 4.6

11.0 ± 6.0

0.965

 ROM

11.4 ± 2.9

10.5 ± 3.3

0.098

Hindfoot relative to tibia (°)

 Max DF

13.6 ± 3.1

14.0 ± 3.0

0.484

 Max PF

7.8 ± 4.2

11.5 ± 5.9

0.001

 ROM

21.4 ± 3.6

25.5 ± 5.3

< 0.001

 Max Sup

7.6 ± 4.7

11.3 ± 4.2

< 0.001

 Max Pron

3.7 ± 3.9

1.5 ± 3.9

0.015

 ROM

11.3 ± 3.3

12.8 ± 3.5

0.053

 Max IR

10.1 ± 7.9

9.8 ± 7.7

0.911

 Max ER

2.5 ± 6.0

3.4 ± 6.3

0.650

 ROM

12.6 ± 3.9

13.2 ± 4.9

0.392

n Archa

 Max

29.7 ± 3.1

28.6 ± 3.6

0.090

 Min

22.3 ± 3.1

19.6 ± 4.3

0.001

 Range

7.5 ± 1.9

9.0 ± 2.1

< 0.001

 Max

108.1 ± 4.1

103.7 ± 3.7

< 0.001

 Min

119.7 ± 3.9

116.7 ± 3.6

< 0.001

 Range

11.5 ± 1.8

13.0 ± 1.7

< 0.001

Arch index@

 Max

0.25 ± 0.03

0.25 ± 0.03

0.791

 Min

0.21 ± 0.03

0.19 ± 0.04

0.001

 Range

0.04 ± 0.02

0.06 ± 0.02

< 0.001

Foot progression angle (°)

 Max ER

21.0 ± 6.4

20.4 ± 6.6

0.110

 Min ER

6.6 ± 5.6

5.0 ± 3.5

0.426

 Range

14.4 ± 4.2

15.4 ± 5.4

0.568

  1. Control data were adapted from previous study [18]
  2. aArch data is normalized with the height of the subject. (arch height or length/subject’s height X 100)
  3. @Arch index = Arch height / Arch length