Table 1 Descriptive statistics for participant, sonographic and clinical characteristics

N

34

23

29

Gender, male, n (%)

34 (100)

23 (100)

29 (100)

Age, years

58 (14)

58 (14)

58 (19)

Ethnicity, n (%)

European 30 (88)

European 14 (61)

European 24 (83)

Maori 1 (3)

Maori 1 (4)

Maori 0 (0)

Pacific 0 (0)

Pacific 4 (17)

Pacific 3 (10)

Asian 3 (9)

Asian 4 (17)

Asian 2 (7)

BMI, kg/m²

25.0 (2.9)

30.8 (3.8)^a

29.3 (5.9)^a

Diuretic use, n (%)

4 (12)

3 (13)

7 (24)

NSAID use, n (%)

7 (21)

14 (61)^a

11 (38)

Prednisone use, n (%)

0 (0)

5 (22)

0 (0)

Hypertension, n (%)

9 (26)

16 (70)^a

16 (55)^a

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

1 (3)

6 (26)^a

5 (17)

Diabetes, n (%)

2 (6)

4 (17)

1 (3)

Serum urate, mg/dl

5.4 (1.0)

5.9 (1.7)

7.7 (0.8)^a

Disease duration, years

-

18 (11)

-

Number of acute flares in preceding 3 months

-

1.4 (1.4)

-

1MTP flares in preceding 3 months, n (%)

-

6 (26)

-

History of 1st MTP joint flares, n (%)

-

19 (83)

-

Presence of clinically-evident tophi at any site, n (%)

-

17 (74)

-

Presence of clinically-evident tophi at the 1st MTP joint, n (%)^b

-

6 (13)

-

Urate lowering therapy^b, n (%)

-

22 (96)

-

Microscopically-proven gout, n (%)

-

6 (26)

-

US double contour sign^b, n (%)

9 (13)

17 (37)

21 (36)

US tophus^b, n (%)

0 (0)

6 (13)

0 (0)

US erosion^b, n (%)

2 (3)

15 (33)

1 (2)

US synovitis^b, n (%)

5 (7)

20 (44)

2 (3)

1st MTP joint pain VAS^b, mm

1.6 (4.0)

8.5 (15.6)

6.9 (15.1)

Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index

1.8 (6.0)

13.4 (10.8)

3.4 (4.8)

1st MTP joint range of motion^b, °

77.6 (17.4)

59.0 (19.6)

76.5 (16.9)

1st MTP joint temperature^b, °C

25.3 (2.1)

27.4 (2.8)

26.1 (2.2)

Gait velocity, m/s

1.05 (0.19)

0.88 (0.17)

1.05 (0.24)