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Table 2 Peak pressure (kPa) in 9 plantar subareas during turn initiation, turn around and turn termination with the dominant foot inside while turning

From: Effects of custom-made textile insoles on plantar pressure distribution and lower limb EMG activity during turning

 

Hallux

Toes

MTH 1

MTHs 2-3

MTHs 4-5

Medial MF

lateral MF

Medial heel

Lateral heel

Turn initiation

 

Insole I

175.9

(41.4)

143.1

(29.2)

139.4

(37.8)

125.0

(26.7)

101.4

(24.8)

60.2

(9.4)

88.5

(24.2)

116.7

(19.4)

134.5

(29.0)

Insole II

159.7

(40.2)

108.7

(23.7)

116.6

(29.4)

109.6

(22.2)

89.1

(26.3)

50.6

(8.4)

84.2

(20.8)

109.2

(28.6)

117.9

(28.3)

Insole III

158.4

(43.1)

110.8

(27.4)

129.7

(43.3)

121.4

(30.2)

90.7

(32.5)

57.8

(17.4)

80.2

(22.2)

118.0

(28.9)

123.5

(24.8)

Insole II % change

−9.2

−24.0

−16.3

−12.3

−12.2

−16.0

−4.8

−6.4

−12.4

Insole III % change

−10.0

−22.6

−6.9

−2.9

−10.6

−4.0

−9.3

1.1

−8.2

F-test value (η2) & significance

 

23.2 (0.68) *

3.5 (0.24) *

3.8 (0.26) *

 

3.7 (0.25) *

   

Pairwise significance

 

I-II, I-III

I-II

I-II

 

I-II

   

Turn around

 

Insole I

115.3

(41.7)

73.1

(29.8)

72.1

(32.3)

90.2

(29.9)

116.4

(37.0)

73.5

(15.2)

88.1

(32.5)

124.0

(23.7)

120.0

(28.0)

Insole II

106.5

(35.9)

68.3

(13.8)

68.1

(31.5)

82.5

(24.5)

112.2

(33.0)

61.9

(12.2)

84.3

(29.6)

100.3

(16.9)

100.3

(28.2)

Insole III

94.8

(19.6)

71.5

(19.0)

63.4

(30.9)

90.8

(31.9)

131.5

(60.1)

64.6

(13.8)

87.9

(29.6)

109.7

(20.4)

106.2

(23.3)

Insole II % change

−7.6

−6.6

−5.5

−8.5

−3.6

−15.8

−4.2

−19.1

−16.4

Insole III % change

−17.7

−2.2

−12.1

0.6

12.9

−12.1

−0.2

−11.5

−11.5

F-test value (η2) & significance

     

3.4 (0.24) *

 

8.6 (0.44) *

 

Pairwise significance

     

I-II

 

I-II

 

Turn termination

 

Insole I

149.3

(29.7)

146.7

(23.0)

122.6

(32.5)

137.2

(30.9)

118.2

(29.7)

56.2

(10.7)

106.0

(33.0)

119.2

(17.4)

125.7

(24.8)

Insole II

156.4

(42.0)

128.9

(23.1)

115.5

(33.9)

130.2

(30.4)

100.6

(27.8)

50.8

(11.5)

91.7

(26.3)

115.2

(22.2)

122.3

(29.7)

Insole III

121.8

(29.0)

120.3

(24.8)

99.7

(32.3)

143.8

(34.3)

116.1

(40.9)

52.6

(15.9)

105.6

(27.1)

125.1

(25.4)

124.4

(26.9)

Insole II % change

4.8

−12.2

−5.8

−5.1

−14.9

−9.6

−13.5

−3.4

−2.7

Insole III % change

−18.4

−18.0

−18.7

4.9

−1.8

−6.4

−0.4

4.9

−1.0

F-test value (η2) & significance

6.9 (0.39) *

8.8 (0.45) *

4.2 (0.28) *

6.6 (0.38) *

     

Pairwise significance

I-III, II-III

I-II, I-III

I-III

II-III

     
  1. 1) Mean (SD), 2) % change = % change in PP when compared with insole I; 3) *Significant difference of insoles in one-way ANOVA test at p < 0.05