Table 1 Kinematic parameters in the ipsilateral limb. Range of motion and maximum/minimum sagittal-plane rotation angles [deg] at the hip, knee and ankle joint in the right side for the three shoe conditions. Kinematic parameters were determined according to [18]

HIP

ROM

44.0

46.4

46.7

0.321

0.158

0.917

sagittal-plane

(39.4 46.3)

(41.0 48.3)

(43.0 48.5)

ROM

12.1

12.0

12.5

0.981

0.866

0.943

frontal-plane

(11.4 13.3)

(10.9 13.1)

(11.3 14.3)

ROM

9.9

10.2

10.6

0.575

0.097

0.535

transverse-plane

(7.2 13.5)

(7.4 14.5)

(7.2 13.8)

Max flexion in swing

30.3

30.7

32.0

0.886

0.962

0.744

(27.8 35.9)

(28.0 36.0)

(28.4 35.4)

Max extension in stance

−10.7*

−11.4

−13.2

0.166

0.028

0.734

(−15.7 −0.9)

( −16.4 −9.5)

(−17.1 −9.9)

KNEE

ROM

67.3

68.5

71.4

0.917

0.028

0.077

sagittal-plane

(60.4 72.2)*

(64.2 72.4)

(69.2 74.2)

ROM

9.9

11.1

10.8

0.715

0.682

0.998

frontal-plane

(7.1 12.6)

(6.5 13.1)

(8.5 13.7)

ROM

14.9

16.6

15.6

0.747

0.784

0.998

transverse-plane

(11.2 17.7)

(13.1 19.1)

(12.2 18.4)

Max flexion at loading response

12.4

13.2

14.2

0.999

0.973

0.983

(9.4 15.7)

(5.5 15.5)

(10.2 15.5)

Max extension in stance

2.3

2.1

1.1

0.978

0.978

0.915

(−0.3 3.6)

(−1.0 4.6)

(0.2 3.0)

ANKLE

ROM

25.1

27.2

28.1

0.308

0.287

0.999

sagittal-plane

(21.6 27.5)

(24.5 30.1)

(26.0 30.3)

ROM

11.1

11.4

9.4

0.929

0.321

0.529

frontal-plane

(9.7 12.9)

(8.2 14.4)

(7.3 13.0)

ROM

12.7

11.6

13.0

0.692

1.00

0.695

transverse-plane

(10.5 17.6)

(9.6 14.1)

(10.7 15.0)

Max dorsiflexion

13.6

20.1

16.7

0.111

0.971

0.065

in stance

(6.8 23.7)

(12.9 29.0)

(10.6 19.6)

Max plantarflexion at loading response

−0.9

−4.2

−7.0

0.911

0.046

0.015

(−10.7 4.6)*

(−9.3 6.1)*

(−10.6 −2.2)