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Table 5 Factors associated with disabling foot pain

From: Foot problems in people with gout in primary care: baseline findings from a prospective cohort study

 

Disabling foot pain in last month n(%)

No disabling foot pain in last montha n(%)

Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)

Adjustedb OR (95 % CI)

N

155

923

  

Age, mean (SD)

66.3 (11.9)

64.8 (12.6)

1.11c (0.96, 1.27)

1.24c (0.98, 1.56)

Gender:

    

 Male

120 (77.4)

796 (86.2)

1.0

1.0

 Female

35 (22.6)

127 (13.8)

1.83 (1.20, 2.78)

1.59 (0.85, 2.95)

Neighbourhood deprivation tertiles:

    

 Most deprived

64 (41.3)

273 (29.6)

1.0

1.0

 Mid-deprived

46 (29.7)

316 (34.2)

0.62 (0.41, 0.94)

0.83 (0.47, 1.46)

 Least deprived

45 (29.0)

334 (36.2)

0.57 (0.38, 0.87)

0.96 (0.55, 1.68)

BMI (kg/m2):

    

 <25.0

19 (13.4)

185 (20.9)

1.0

1.0

 25.0–29.9

54 (38.0)

418 (47.1)

1.26 (0.73, 2.18)

1.73 (0.82, 3.64)

 30.0–34.9

41 (28.9)

195 (22.0)

2.05 (1.15, 3.66)

2.44 (1.10, 5.41)

 ≥35.0

28 (19.7)

89 (10.0)

3.06 (1.62, 5.78)

3.10 (1.28, 7.47)

Anxiety:

    

 None

83 (55.3)

714 (81.7)

1.0

1.0

 Mild

31 (20.7)

101 (11.6)

2.64 (1.66, 4.19)

1.13 (0.56, 2.28)

 Moderate

20 (13.3)

37 (4.2)

4.65 (2.58, 8.38)

1.53 (0.56, 4.20)

 Severe

16 (10.7)

22 (2.5)

6.26 (3.16, 12.39)

1.05 (0.31, 3.55)

Depression:

    

 None

55 (39.6)

675 (79.8)

1.0

1.0

 Mild

39 (28.1)

99 (11.7)

4.83 (3.05, 7.67)

3.27 (1.80, 5.97)

 Moderate

16 (11.5)

45 (5.3)

4.36 (2.32, 8.22)

2.45 (0.92, 6.51)

 Moderately severe

16 (11.5)

19 (2.3)

10.33 (5.03, 21.22)

4.16 (1.28, 13.51)

 Severe

13 (9.4)

8 (1.0)

19.94 (7.93, 50.17)

8.81 (2.04, 38.01)

Comorbidity:

    

 Diabetes mellitus

41 (26.5)

141 (15.3)

1.99 (1.34, 2.97)

0.90 (0.50, 1.62)

 Hypertension

106 (68.4)

561 (60.8)

1.40 (0.97, 2.01)

0.81 (0.46, 1.42)

 Hyperlipidaemia

86 (55.5)

392 (42.5)

1.69 (1.20, 2.38)

1.38 (0.83, 2.29)

 Ischaemic heart disease

45 (29.0)

145 (15.7)

2.19 (1.49, 3.24)

1.84 (1.06, 3.20)

 Cerebrovascular disease

9 (5.8)

66 (7.2)

0.80 (0.39, 1.64)

0.67 (0.29, 1.57)

Gout characteristics:

    

 Duration (mean (SD))

13.5 (13.9)

11.7 (11.7)

1.12d (0.98, 1.29)

1.17d (0.96, 1.42)

 Current attack

48 (32.2)

72 (8.1)

5.39 (3.54, 8.19)

2.63 (1.39, 4.98)

 Number of attacks in last 12 months:

    

  0

39 (26.4)

328 (37.3)

1.00

1.00

  1–2

44 (29.7)

341 (38.8)

1.09 (0.69, 1.71)

0.94 (0.51, 1.73)

  ≥3

65 (43.9)

211 (24.0)

2.59 (1.59, 3.99)

1.26 (0.64, 2.47)

 Oligo/polyarticular attacks

87 (58.8)

310 (35.0)

2.65 (1.86, 3.78)

1.59 (0.98, 2.58)

 Current allopurinol use

91 (62.3)

490 (55.8)

1.31 (0.91, 1.88)

1.13 (0.67, 1.90)

  1. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, SD standard deviation
  2. ano foot pain or foot pain that is not disabling
  3. bOR adjusted for age, gender, deprivation, BMI, anxiety, depression, comorbidity and gout characteristics
  4. cper 10-year increase in age
  5. dper 10-year increase in duration of disease
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Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

ISSN: 1757-1146