Table 4 Factors associated with foot pain in the last month
From: Foot problems in people with gout in primary care: baseline findings from a prospective cohort study
| Â | Foot pain in last month n (%) | No foot pain in last month n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | Adjusteda OR (95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 248 | 875 | - | - |
Age, mean (SD) | 66.6 (11.7) | 65.0 (12.7) | 1.11b (0.99, 1.24) | 1.14b (0.94, 1.38) |
Gender: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 190 (76.6) | 752 (85.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Female | 58 (23.4) | 123 (14.1) | 1.87 (1.31, 2.65) | 1.33 (0.77, 2.30) |
Neighbourhood deprivation tertiles: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Most deprived | 93 (37.5) | 258 (29.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Mid-deprived | 78 (31.5) | 304 (34.7) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.00) | 0.81 (0.50, 1.31) |
 Least deprived | 77 (31.1) | 313 (35.8) | 0.68 (0.48, 0.96) | 1.14 (0.71, 1.82) |
BMI (kg/m2): | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 <25.0 | 34 (15.2) | 177 (21.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 25.0–29.9 | 90 (40.2) | 397 (47.2) | 1.18 (0.77, 1.82) | 1.64 (0.89, 2.99) |
 30.0–34.9 | 62 (27.7) | 182 (21.6) | 1.77 (1.11, 2.83) | 2.23 (1.16, 4.27) |
 ≥35.0 | 38 (17.0) | 85 (10.1) | 2.33 (1.37, 3.95) | 2.61 (1.25, 5.45) |
Anxiety: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None | 133 (60.7) | 677 (81.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Mild | 41 (18.7) | 96 (11.6) | 2.17 (1.44, 3.28) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.95) |
 Moderate | 25 (11.4) | 34 (4.1) | 3.74 (2.16, 6.48) | 1.38 (0.56, 3.39) |
 Severe | 20 (9.1) | 21 (2.5) | 4.85 (2.56, 9.19) | 1.21 (0.41, 3.51) |
Depression: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 None | 93 (47.0) | 644 (80.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Mild | 52 (26.3) | 90 (11.2) | 4.00 (2.67, 6.00) | 3.02 (1.78, 5.11) |
 Moderate | 20 (10.1) | 43 (5.4) | 3.22 (1.82, 5.71) | 1.42 (0.58, 3.46) |
 Moderately severe | 20 (10.1) | 18 (2.2) | 7.69 (3.93, 15.08) | 3.41 (1.22, 9.57) |
 Severe | 13 (6.6) | 8 (1.0) | 11.25 (4.54, 27.88) | 4.55 (1.20, 17.18) |
Comorbidity: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Diabetes mellitus | 59 (23.8) | 134 (15.3) | 1.73 (1.22, 2.44) | 1.00 (0.60, 1.66) |
 Hypertension | 166 (66.9) | 529 (60.5) | 1.32 (0.98, 1.78) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.57) |
 Hyperlipidaemia | 117 (47.2) | 374 (42.7) | 1.20 (0.90, 1.59) | 1.12 (0.74, 1.71) |
 Ischaemic heart disease | 56 (22.6) | 140 (16.0) | 1.53 (1.08, 2.17) | 1.43 (0.87, 2.35) |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 18 (7.3) | 62 (7.1) | 1.03 (0.60, 1.77) | 0.83 (0.40, 1.69) |
Gout characteristics: | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Duration, mean (SD) | 12.7 (13.4) | 11.8 (11.8) | 1.06c (0.94, 1.20) | 1.05c (0.88, 1.25) |
 Current attack | 62 (26.1) | 65 (7.7) | 4.21 (2.87, 6.19) | 2.38 (1.35, 4.20) |
 Number of attacks in last 12 months: |  |  |  |  |
  0 | 63 (27.2) | 313 (37.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
  1–2 | 77 (33.2) | 323 (38.7) | 1.18 (0.82, 1.71) | 0.96 (0.58, 1.59) |
  ≥3 | 92 (39.7) | 199 (23.8) | 2.30 (1.59, 3.31) | 1.17 (0.66, 2.05) |
 Oligo/polyarticular attacks | 132 (56.4) | 289 (34.4) | 2.47 (1.84, 3.32) | 1.67 (1.11, 2.51) |
 Current allopurinol use | 144 (62.1) | 463 (55.6) | 1.31 (0.97, 1.76) | 1.11 (0.72, 1.72) |