From: Gender differences of foot characteristics in older Japanese adults using a 3D foot scanner
Foot characteristics | Men (N = 151) Mean ± SD | Women (N = 140) Mean ± SD | t test P value | ANCOVA P value | Effect size (ES) | Guide of ES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sitting truncated foot length (mm) | 179.81 ± 7.46 | 165.25 ± 6.92 | P < 0.001 | -- | 2.03 | Large |
Sitting instep (mm) | 66.18 ± 4.30 | 59.65 ± 3.87 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 1.60 | Large |
Sitting NH (mm) | 48.23 ± 6.21 | 42.15 ± 5.14 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 1.07 | Large |
Sitting AHI | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | .021 | -- | 0.27 | Small |
Sitting foot length (mm) | 243.19 ± 9.07 | 224.69 ± 8.86 | P < 0.001 | -- | 2.07 | Large |
Sitting ball girth (mm) | 244.28 ± 11.65 | 227.95 ± 10.66 | P < 0.001 | .002 | 1.47 | Large |
Sitting ball width (mm) | 98.93 ± 5.08 | 92.55 ± 5.24 | P < 0.001 | .490 | 1.24 | Large |
Sitting heel width (mm) | 64.51 ± 4.22 | 59.93 ± 3.22 | P < 0.001 | .291 | 1.22 | Large |
Sitting first toe angle (degree) | 10.42 ± 4.64 | 13.64 ± 6.92 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.55 | Moderate |
Sitting little toe angle (degree) | 13.80 ± 4.00 | 13.35 ± 4.87 | .393 | .782 | 0.10 | Very small |
Sitting first toe height (mm) | 18.03 ± 2.31 | 16.45 ± 2.16 | P < 0.001 | .057 | 0.71 | Moderate |
Sitting little toe height (mm) | 12.88 ± 2.25 | 11.94 ± 1.85 | P < 0.001 | .564 | 0.46 | Small |
Sitting instep girth (mm) | 248.93 ± 11.54 | 227.70 ± 10.85 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 1.90 | Large |
Standing foot length (mm) | 246.20 ± 9.05 | 227.57 ± 9.13 | P < 0.001 | -- | 2.06 | Large |
Standing truncated foot length (mm) | 182.16 ± 7.81 | 168.45 ± 7.01 | P < 0.001 | -- | 1.85 | Large |
Standing instep (mm) | 61.68 ± 4.51 | 55.02 ± 3.88 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 1.58 | Large |
Standing NH (mm) | 41.77 ± 6.32 | 35.76 ± 5.32 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 1.03 | Large |
Standing ball girth (mm) | 247.09 ± 11.23 | 230.55 ± 11.41 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 1.47 | Large |
Standing ball width (mm) | 101.53 ± 4.85 | 95.39 ± 5.74 | P < 0.001 | .251 | 1.16 | Large |
Standing heel width (mm) | 65.89 ± 4.05 | 60.64 ± 4.67 | P < 0.001 | .006 | 1.21 | Large |
Standing first toe angle (degree) | 10.73 ± 4.95 | 14.90 ± 7.60 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 0.63 | Moderate |
Standing little toe angle (degree) | 13.84 ± 4.11 | 13.62 ± 5.00 | .687 | .725 | 0.05 | Very Small |
Standing first toe height (mm) | 17.39 ± 1.91 | 16.02 ± 2.29 | P < 0.001 | .465 | 0.65 | Moderate |
Standing little toe height (mm) | 12.76 ± 2.05 | 11.74 ± 1.87 | P < 0.001 | .084 | 0.52 | Moderate |
Standing instep girth (mm) | 249.20 ± 11.05 | 228.30 ± 10.94 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | 1.91 | Large |
Standing AHI | 0.34 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | P < 0.001 | -- | 0.46 | Small |
Arch drop (instep difference) (mm) | 4.51 ± 1.70 | 4.65 ± 1.62 | .464 | .008 | 0.09 | Very small |
ND (mm) | 6.46 ± 2.53 | 6.39 ± 2.53 | .814 | .610 | 0.03 | Very small |
ARI | 0.92 ± 0.03 | 0.91 ± 0.03 | P < 0.001 | -- | 0.43 | Small |