Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
Study | Number of participants / Number of ulcers | Baseline age (years)a | Male (%) | Duration of diabetes (years)b | Duration of ulcer (months)c | Ulcer location | ||
Intervention group | Control group | Forefoot | Midfoot | |||||
Allam, 2006* [21] | 15 | 14 | 55.0 ± 11.0 | Not reported | 20.0 ± 11.0 | Median = 42.0 (range 10–72) | ● | |
Batista et al., 2011† [26] | 52 | N/A | Mean = 66.4 | Not reported | >5 years (100% participants) | N/A | ● | |
Colen et al., 2013‡ [27] | 138 / 145 | 149 / 179 | 58.5 ± 10.0 | 59 % | Not reported | Not reported | ● | ● |
Dayer & Assal, 2009§ [28] | 24 | N/A | 56.3 ± 12.4 | 42 % | Not reported | 15.9 ± 7.6 | ● | |
Hamilton et al., 2005¶ [29] | 7 | N/A | 51.3 ± 10.9 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | ● | |
Kim et al., 2012† [22] | 60 / 64 | N/A | 54.1 ± 14.3 | 62 % | >10 years (70% participants) | 5.5 ± 3.6 | ● | |
Laborde, 2005† [30] | 17 / 20 | N/A | 58.7 ± 12.3 | 53 % | Not reported | 12.9 ± 19.3 | ● | |
Laborde, 2009¶ [31] | 10 / 10 | N/A | 60.1 ± 15.1 | 60 % | Not reported | 16.2 ± 21.7 | ● | |
La Fontaine et al., 2008¶ [32] | 28 | N/A | Median = 51.0 (range 24–72) | 71 % | Not reported | Not reported | ● | ● |
Lin et al., 1996‡ [33] | 15 | 21 | Intervention group 45.8 ± 16.3 | Intervention group 73 % | Intervention group 10.0 ± 4.4 | Intervention group 11.5 ± 3.7 | ● | |
Control group 50.7 ± 11.8 | Control group 48 % | Control group 11.7 ± 5.3 | Control group 6.5 ± 3.1 | |||||
Mueller et al., 2003* [15] | 31 | 33 | 56.0 ± 10.0 | 77 % | 18.4 ± 11.7 | Not reported | ● | |
Study | Procedure | Primary outcomes | Follow-up (months)d | |||||
Achilles tendon lengthening | Gastrocnemius recession | Selective plantar fascia release | Time to healing | Rate of ulcers healed | Rate of ulcer recurrence | Rate of transfer ulcers | ||
Allam, 2006* [21] | ○ | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | Mean = 24.0 | ||
Batista et al., 2011† [26] | ○ | ♦ | Mean = 24.0 | |||||
Colen et al., 2013‡ [27] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | 35.3 ± 11.0 | ||||
Dayer & Assal, 2009§ [28] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | 39.2 ± 12.2 | ||
Hamilton et al., 2005¶ [29] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | 17.1 ± 7.3 | ||
Kim et al., 2012† [22] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | Mean = 23.5 | ||||
Laborde, 2005† [30] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | 34.6 ± 19.3 | |||
Laborde, 2009¶ [31] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | 35.2 ± 18.5 | |||
La Fontaine et al., 2008 ¶[32] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | Mean = 28.8 | ||
Lin et al., 1996‡ [33] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | Intervention group Mean = 17.3 | |||
Control group Mean = 12.8 | ||||||||
Mueller et al., 2003* [15] | ○ | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | 25.2 ± 8.4 | |||