Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of predictors of diabetic foot ulcers in diabetic patients (N = 404)
Patient characteristics | Univariate | p-value | Multivariate | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
O.R (95 % CI) | O.R (95 % CI) | |||
Age: | ||||
< 55 | 1.00 | 0.022 | 0.473 | |
>55 | 1.91 (1.10–3.30) | |||
Gender: | ||||
Female | 1.00 | 0.702 | ||
Male | 0.90 (0.52–1.55) | |||
Smoking: | ||||
Never | 1.00 | 0.413 | ||
Current | 1.74 (0.46–6.57) | 0.664 | ||
Past smoker | 1.16 (0.59–2.78) | |||
Alcohol: | ||||
Current | 1.00 | 0.041 | 0.322 | |
Past drinker | 8.34 (1.09–63.60) | 0.040 | 0.718 | |
Never | 8.29 (1.10–62.17) | |||
Education: | ||||
No formal education | 1.00 | 0.172 | ||
Primary education | 0.58 (0.26–1.27) | 0.422 | ||
Secondary education | 0.69 (0.28–1.71) | 0.651 | ||
Post-secondary | 0.72 (0.17–2.99) | |||
Treatment: | ||||
Oral/non-pharmacologic | 1.00 | 0.013 | 2.25 (1.17–4.32) | 0.015 |
Insulin | 2.04 (1.16–3.59) | |||
PVD: | ||||
No | 1.00 | 0.660 | ||
Yes | 1.18 (0.57–2.4) | |||
PN: | ||||
No neuropathy | 1.00 | 0.387 | 1.00 | 0.420 |
Mild neuropathy | 2.03 (0.41–10.1) | <0 .001 | 1.94 (0.4–9.7) | <0.001 |
Moderate neuropathy | 8.11 (3.3–19.9) | <0.001 | 8.14 (3.3–20.2) | <0.001 |
Severe neuropathy | 23.46 (10.2–54.0) | 24.19 (10.4–56.3) | ||
Previous DFU: | ||||
No | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.185 | |
Yes | 3.23 (1.85–5.6) | |||
Duration of DM: | ||||
< 5 year | 1.00 | 0.208 | 0.552 | |
5–10 year | 1.49 (0.8–2.7) | 0.068 | 0.962 | |
>10 year | 1.94 (0.9–3.9) | |||
Foot deformity: | ||||
No | 1.00 | 0.052 | 0.887 | |
Yes | 2.04 (0.9–4.2) |