Dynamic navicular motion measured using a stretch sensor is different between walking and running, and between over-ground and treadmill conditions

Table 1 Navicular motion and velocity of navicular motion during over ground walking and running and during treadmill walking and running

	Treadmill			Over-ground		TrW Vs TrBF	TrR Vs TrW	OGR Vs OGW	TrW Vs OGW	TrR Vs OGR
	TrW	TrR	TrBF	OGW	OGR	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)
	(n = 25, 72-134 steps)	(n = 24, 108-156 steps)	(n = 21, 80-156 steps)	(n = 25, 53-72 steps)	(n = 25, 64-117 steps)	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)	Difference (95% CI)
Navicular Motion – mm (95%CI)	8.5	9.9	8.0	7.0	8.6	0.5^	1.2^	1.6^§	1.5^	1.4^
	(7.0;10.1)	(8.3;11.5)	(6.6;9.4)	(5.7;8.3)	(7.6;9.6)	(-0.5 to 1.5)	(-0.1 to 2.4)	(0.3 to 2.9)	(0.8 to 2.3)	(0.5 to 2.3)
						p = 0.34	p = 0.07	p = 0.02	p = 0.0004	p = 0.003
Velocity* - mm/s (95%CI)	130	394	142	249	396	18^	273^#	148^§	119^#	2^
	(97;164)	(322;465)	(118;167)	(207;292)	(337;455)	(-8 to 44)	(216 to 330)	(117 to 179)	(86 to 152)	(-22 to 26)
						p = 0.16	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p < 0.0001	p = 0.85

*Mean Peak velocity.
^# = large effect size (≥1.20); ^§ = medium effect size (0.60 – 1.19); ^ = small effect size (<0.60).
TrW = treadmill walking; TrR = treadmill running; TrBF = treadmill barefoot walking; OGW = over-ground walking; OGR = over-ground running; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval).

ISSN: 1757-1146