Table 1 Summary of study characteristics
From: Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
| Â | Population | Observation period (activity, duration) | Injury outcome | Injured group | Uninjured group | Foot posture measure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  |  |  |  | N total (n females) | Age (mean ± SD) | N total (n females) | Age (mean ± SD) | |
Bennett et al., 2001 [31] | Cross country runners | 8 weeks | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 15 (13) | 15.3 (±1.0) | 21 (8) | 15.7 (±1.5) | Resting calcaneal position (degrees) |
Yates and White, 2004 [32] | Naval recruits | 10Â weeks basic training | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 40 (18) | NR | 84 (22) | NR | FPI-8 |
Burne et al., 2004 [33] | Military cadets | 12Â months | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 23 (11) | NR | 135 (25) | NR | Resting calcaneal position (degrees) |
Willems et al., 2006 [34] | Physical education students | 12Â months | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 46 (29) | NR | 354 (130) | NR | Resting calcaneal position (degrees) |
Reinking, 2006 [35] | Female collegiate athletes | One athletic season | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 20 (20) | NR | 56 (56) | NR | Navicular drop |
Reinking et al., 2007 [36] | Collegiate athletes | One athletic season | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 60 (31) | NR | 28 (13) | NR | Navicular drop |
Plisky et al., 2007 [37] | High school runners | 13Â weeks | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 16 (11) | NR | 88 (29) | NR | Navicular drop |
Hubbard et al., 2009 [38] | Collegiate athletes | One athletic season | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 29 (9) | 19 (±0.98) | 117 (72) | 19.9 (±1.8) | Navicular drop |
Bennett et al., 2012 [39] | Cross country runners | Cross country season | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 26 (13) | NR | NR | 33 (15) | Navicular drop |
Yagi et al., 2013 [40] | High school runners | 3Â years | Medial tibial stress syndrome | 102 (44) | NR | 142 (54) | NR | Navicular drop |
Hetresoni et al., 2006 [41] | Infantry recruits | 14Â weeks basic training | Patellofemoral pain | 61 (NR) | NR | 344 (NR) | NR | Resting calcaneal position (degrees) |
Thijs et al., 2008 [42] | Recreational runners | 10 weeks | Patellofemoral pain | 17 (16) | 39.4 (±10.3) | 85 (73) | 37.6 (±9.4) | FPI-6 |
Boling et al., 2009 [43] | Naval recruits | 1-2.5Â years | Patellofemoral pain | 40 (16) | NR | 1279 (489) | NR | Navicular drop |
Beynnon et al., 2001 [44] | Collegiate athletes | One college season | Foot/ankle injury | 20 (13) | NR | 98 (55) | NR | Longitudinal arch angle |
Cain et al., 2007 [45] | Male Futsal players | One Futsal season | Foot/ankle injury | 33 (0) | NR | 43 (0) | NR | FPI-6 |
Winfield et al., 1997 [46] | Female marines | 10Â weeks basic training | Bone stress reaction | 12 (12) | NR | 89 (89) | NR | Subtalar joint ROM (Goniometry) |
Kaufman et al., 1999 [47] | Male Navy Seal candidates | 2 Years | LL overuse injury | 149 (0) | NR | 300 (0) | NR | Longitudinal arch angle |
Burns et al., 2005 [48] | Triathletes | 10Â weeks | LL overuse injury | 37 (NR) | NR | 91 (NR) | NR | FPI-8 |
Rauh et al., 2010 [49] | Female marines | 13Â weeks | LL overuse injury | 104 (110) | NR | 644 (634) | NR | Longitudinal arch angle |
Buist et al., 2010 [50] | Novice runners | 13Â weeks | LL overuse injury | 100 | NR | 476 | NR | Navicular drop |
Nielsen et al., 2014 [51] | Novice runners | 12 Months | LL overuse injury | 252 (NR) | NR | 478 (NR) | NR | FPI-6 |