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Table 1 For each foot segment combination and plane of motion, mean (95% CI) of the angle of at IC, FFL, HO and TO, the maximum and minimum angles in stance, and the total range of motion during swing

From: Movement of the human foot in 100 pain free individuals aged 18–45: implications for understanding normal foot function

  

Angle at:

Max (Stance)

Min (Stance)

ROM swing

  

IC

FFL

HO

TO

  

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Calcaneus-tibia

Sag

−3.1

−3.9– –2.2

−8.9

−9.8– –8.2

5.6

4.8– 6.4

−17.2

−18.3– –16.1

5.8

4.9– 6.6

−17.1

−18.2– –16.1

19.5

18.4– 20.5

Frt

4.0

3.2– 4.8

1.9

1.3– 2.7

−0.9

−1.6– −0.6

6.8

5.5– 8.1

8.9

7.9– 9.9

−3.9

−4.7– –3.3

−5.1

−6.7– –3.5

Trn

2.2

1.5– 2.9

3.1

2.3– 3.9

1.9

1.3– 2.6

−1.8

−2.8– –0.8

6.4

5.7– 7.0

−5.0

−5.9– –4.2

3.6

1.9– 5.3

Midfoot–calcaneus

Sag

−2.1

−3.2– –1.1

−1.2

−2.1– 0.2

1.6

0.6– 2.5

−0.5

−1.6– 0.6

3.2

2.3– 4.1

−2.8

−3.8– 1.9

−1.8

−2.4– –1.3

Frt

0.5

−0.1– 1.1

1.1

0.5– 1.6

−0.5

−1.0– 0.7

−0.5

−1.2– 0.1

1.9

1.4– 2.5

−1.7

−2.3– 1.1

3.1

2.1– 4.0

Trn

−0.7

−1.2– –0.2

0.0

−0.5– 0.5

0.6

0.1– 1.1

−0.8

−1.4– 0.3

1.5

1.0– 2.1

−1.5

−2.0– –0.9

0.5

−0.3– 1.3

Lateral forefoot–midfoot

Sag

−1.9

−3.0– –0.9

−0.2

−1.2– 0.7

3.3

2.3– 4.2

−7.7

−8.9– –6.5

4.8

3.9– 5.6

−7.7

−8.9– –6.5

7.8

6.6– 9.0

Frt

3.9

2.8– 5.1

1.5

0.6– 2.5

−0.8

−1.8– 0.1

4.1

2.7– 5.4

6.2

5.2– 7.2

−5.7

−6.6– –4.8

−2.8

−5.2– –0.4

Trn

−4.6

−5.4– –3.8

−2.6

−3.2– –1.9

−0.8

−1.8– 0.1

4.1

2.7– 5.4

3.4

2.8– 4.0

−8.1

−8.9– –7.3

4.0

2.8– 5.3

Medial forefoot–midfoot

Sag

−1.3

−2.6– –0.01

−0.5

−1.6– 0.6

3.7

2.5– 4.8

−8.5

−9.9– –7.1

4.7

3.5– 5.8

−9

−10.5– –7.5

8.2

7.0– 9.4

Frt

−0.5

−1.4– 0.4

−1.4

−2.1– 0.6

−0.5

−1.2– 0.2

−1.9

−3.2– 0.8

1.6

0.8– 2.5

−3.9

−4.9– –3.0

3.1

2.1– 4.2

Trn

1.8

1.1– 2.6

1.7

0.9– 2.4

1.6

0.8– 2.3

−3.7

−4.5– –2.8

2.9

2.2– 3.6

−5.4

−6.2– –4.6

6.5

5.9– 7.2

Hallux – medial forefoot

Sag

17.4

15.9– 19.0

12.7

11.4– 14.1

6.1

5.1– 7.2

33.2

31.2– 35.1

44.9

43.3– 46.7

0.5

−0.4– 1.4

−16.9

−18.4– –15.4

Frt

0.9

−0.4– 2.3

0.9

−0.3– 2.1

0.01

−1.0– 1.0

−1.7

−3.5– 0.1

2.6

1.5– 3.7

−7.9

−9.5– –6.3

1.6

0.1– 3.0

Trn

2.9

1.9– 3.9

1.9

1.1– 2.8

1.2

−2.0– −0.4

5.3

3.9– 6.6

6.1

4.8– 7.3

−2.8

−3.9– –1.8

3.1

1.1– 5.0